The effect of vaccination against the COVID-19 on the course and outcomes of a new coronavirus infection: a retrospective analysis of laboratory and clinical indicators of hospitalized patients

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Abstract

BACKGROUND: The Gam-COVID-Vac vaccine was proven effective in preventing the severe course and adverse outcomes of COVID-19 during different periods of the pandemic. However, the effect of vaccination on laboratory marker levels in hospitalized patients during the spread of the omicron variant of SARS-CoV-2 has not been sufficiently studied.

AIM: To assess the effect of vaccination on the severity and outcomes of COVID-19 in hospitalized patients during the dominance of the SARS-CoV-2 omicron variant in Russia.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: This case–control study included adult patients diagnosed with COVID-19 (U07.1) and hospitalized in infectious hospitals in Moscow between February 1, 2022, and July 31, 2022 (n=119). The main group included individuals vaccinated with two doses of Sputnik V vaccine (n=59). The control group included individuals who were not vaccinated (n=60). The median patient age was 66 [interquartile range, 41–66] years, and 58.8% were female. The chi-square test for categorical variables and the Mann–Whitney test for continuous variables were used for the analysis. P-values <0.05 were considered statistically significant.

RESULTS: Viral pneumonia was less likely to develop in the vaccinated group than in the unvaccinated group (46.7% and 18.6%, respectively, p = 0.007). The proportion of patients without lung damage (0 CT-severity scores) in the vaccinated group (72.0%) was significantly higher than that in the unvaccinated group (42.9%) (p=0.003). In the vaccinated group, the levels of C-reactive protein on admission were lower (29.1 [7.4–68.6] mg/L and 75.1 [32.4–104.0] mg/L, p <0.001), and the highest level was recorded during hospitalization (38.2 [12.0–84.0] mg/L and 92.2 [45.3–137.4] mg/L, p <0.001). The D-dimer levels before discharge were lower in the group of patients vaccinated <6 months ago than in the unvaccinated group (157.0 [107.0–297.0] ng/mL and 316.0 [125.0–556.0] ng/mL, respectively, p = 0.014). The frequency of deaths in the control group (11.7%) was 6.9 times higher than that in the main group (1.7%) (p = 0.030).

CONCLUSIONS: Completion of the primary vaccination course of Sputnik V vaccine resulted in lower levels of prognostic markers of severe COVID-19 (C-reactive protein and D-dimer) and a decrease in the frequency of pulmonary and fatal outcomes than in the unvaccinated group during the dominance of the omicron variant of SARS-CoV-2.

About the authors

Anastasia A. Fomicheva

I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University)

Author for correspondence.
Email: anastasia.fomichova@yandex.ru
ORCID iD: 0000-0002-0625-0284
SPIN-code: 5281-1670

MD

Russian Federation, 8 Trubetskaya street, 119048 Moscow

Nikolay N. Pimenov

I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University)

Email: n.pimenov@mail.ru
ORCID iD: 0000-0002-6138-4330
SPIN-code: 2314-2076

MD, Cand. Sci. (Med.)

Russian Federation, 8 Trubetskaya street, 119048 Moscow

Anna E. Tsygankova

I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University); Infectious Diseases Clinical Hospital No. 2

Email: anna.tsygankova.inf@gmail.com
ORCID iD: 0000-0003-3766-1868
SPIN-code: 6583-0476

MD

Russian Federation, 8 Trubetskaya street, 119048 Moscow; 28/4-1 Volnaya street, 105187 Moscow

Natalia N. Tsapkova

I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University)

Email: tsapkova.natali@yandex.ru
ORCID iD: 0000-0002-7823-9287
SPIN-code: 3734-7392

MD, Cand. Sci. (Med.), Associate Professor

Russian Federation, 8 Trubetskaya street, 119048 Moscow

Darya A. Rokhlina

I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University)

Email: rokhlina_d_a@staff.sechenov.ru

MD

Russian Federation, 8 Trubetskaya street, 119048 Moscow

Elena V. Volchkova

I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University); Infectious Diseases Clinical Hospital No. 2

Email: antononina@rambler.ru
ORCID iD: 0000-0003-4581-4510
SPIN-code: 3342-4681

MD, Dr. Sci. (Med.), Professor

Russian Federation, 8 Trubetskaya street, 119048 Moscow; 28/4-1 Volnaya street, 105187 Moscow

Svetlana V. Krasnova

Infectious Diseases Clinical Hospital No. 2

Email: krasnovasv@ikb2.ru
ORCID iD: 0000-0001-8592-5624
SPIN-code: 3652-3811

MD, Cand. Sci. (Med.)

Russian Federation, 28/4-1 Volnaya street, 105187 Moscow

Vladimir P. Chulanov

I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University); National Medical Research Center of Phthisiopulmonology and Infectious Diseases; Sirius University of Science and Technology

Email: vladimir@chulanov.ru
ORCID iD: 0000-0001-6303-9293
SPIN-code: 2336-4545

MD, Dr. Sci. (Med.), Professor

Russian Federation, 8/2 Trubetskaya street, 119048 Moscow; 4/1, Dostoevsky st. , 127473 Moscow; Sochi

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2. Fig. 1. Severity of lung changes according to the results of computed tomography (CT) among vaccinated and unvaccinated patients with COVID-19. * A proportion of patients with 0 CT-severity scores was significantly higher in the main group (Chi-Square test, p <0.05). **A total proportion of patients with 1–4 CT-severity scores was significantly lower in the main group (Chi-Square test, p <0.05).

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