编号 11 (2025)

Through the prism of legal historiography, the issues of civilizational development of Russia are considered. The thesis is argued that the protection of the Slavic world is a political and legal concept of Russian civilizational identity. It is substantiated that the civilizational identity of any nation in its value is not accidentally equated with sovereignty and is the key to stable development, no solution to the current and future problems of the state and legal development of Russia without taking into account its civilizational identity is simply impossible. It is argued that the Russian civilizational identity includes, among other things, a nationwide inner feeling that all Slavs are friends for the Russian person not only by a single ethnic root, but also by the mood of the soul, the system of spiritual and moral values, that Slavic reciprocity is incompatible with the moral neutrality of society and power. The Slavic world occupies a particularly significant place in the Russian traditional legal consciousness.

The article is devoted to the life and creative path of the outstanding Soviet lawyer, Academician of the USSR Academy of Sciences, Doctor of legal sciences, Professor, long-term employee of the Institute of Law of the USSR Academy of Sciences (now the Institute of State and Law of the Russian Academy of Sciences) Anatoly Vasilyevich Venediktov (1887–1959), whose scientific ideas and concepts, in particular those concerning the right of ownership under socialism (state socialist property), the essence of a legal entity in Soviet law, organizational and legal aspects of economic activity of state enterprises, had a significant impact on the development of domestic legal thought and on the formation of Soviet civil and economic legislation. The ideas of A.V. Venediktov had a significant impact on the formation of scientific schools and trends in the USSR. They retain their significance today. The athours believe that this influence also concerns the formation of new institutions during the reform of legislation (which was clearly demonstrated during the discussion of issues of civil legislation reform in the 2010[6]). The life and work of A.V. Venediktov have been well studied, and, nevertheless, in the year of the 100[th] anniversary of the Institute of State and Law of the Russian Academy of Sciences, given the close connection of A.V. Venediktov with the Institute (it was during his work at the Institute of Law of the USSR Academy of Sciences that A.V. Venediktov was elected an Academician), within the framework of the scientific project of the Institute of State and Law of the Russian Academy of Sciences “Russian Academy of Sciences: Outstanding Legal Scholars. 20[th] century” the authors consider it important to outline the main milestones in the biography and scientific ideas of Anatoly Vasilyevich Venediktov. In preparing the article, unique materials stored in the archive of the Institute of State and Law of the Russian Academy of Sciences were used, including the personal file of A.V. Venediktov.

Today, there are many studies on individual areas of Military Law. However, the question of its origins in Russia, where it began, and the date of its birth remains open. The term "the science of Military Law" was first used in the legislative activities of Peter the Great. Military law education began with the establishment of the first military law school in Russia in 1832, the Auditor School. In 1867, the Military Law Academy was founded in Russia. The educational process included a special military law course among the general legal disciplines. Military law was taught in the importance of the amount of knowledge on the legal issues of the military activities of the state. In 1876, the Conference of the Military Law Academy set the task of conducting scientific research for the educational process. In 1878 The Military Law Academy acquired an independent legal status, it was from that moment on that the educational process was firmly based on a scientific basis. Education and science went further together. Military law science has become the foundation of military law education. However, the date of the birth of military law science is January 30, 1876, when the Conference of Military Law Science decided to make the academy "not only an educational institution, but also a scientific one". Based on historical documents, including those from the Russian State Military History Archive and the Russian Academy of Sciences, the article explores the origins of military law science for the first time, besides well as the stages of the development of academic Military Law science. This research fills a gap in the understanding of the emergence and development of the academic school of military legal law science.

The science of the history of political and legal doctrines is an individualizing (idiographic) and generalizing (nomological) science. The main methodological problems of the history of political and legal doctrines include: availability of written primary sources, arrangement of material and assessment of the content of political and legal doctrines, style of presentation and uniform understanding of terms, methodological dissonance in the presentation of material, attempts to create politically neutral, "objective" theories of law and state, the desire to combine components of different doctrines, thereby creating one "only true" or "true" theory. It is concluded that most methodological problems of the history of political and legal doctrines are a reflection of the de-ideologization of the subject of this science and are in the sphere of doctrinal thinking.

The article describes the public authority formed in civil society. It is proposed to consider organizational institutions of civil society as bearers of public authority. Those can include not only public associations, non-profit organizations, but also public and governmental organizations, for example, the All-Russian Civil and State Organization the "Assembly of the Peoples of Russia", as well as public chambers, which are essentially joint public and governmental formations. Special attention is paid to public control, which is an important function of civil society and governmental authorities. The author proposes the idea to form a single body of civil society in the future, representing the main public associations, in particular the World Russian People's Council, as well as the highest church bodies of traditional religions. Public authority can be formed as a single system of governmental power and its subsystems. Constitutional scholars propose to adopt a new Constitution of the Russian Federation, which would strengthen the spiritual and moral potential of solidary civil society and the state.