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Том 54, № 2 (2018)

Article

A Novel Screen-Printed and Carbon Paste Electrodes for Potentiometric Determination of Uranyl(II) Ion in Spiked Water Samples

Ali T., Mohamed G., Aglan R., Mourad M.

Аннотация

Four new ion-selective electrodes (ISEs) based on poly-(1-4)-2-amino-2-deoxy-β-D-glucan (chitosan) ionophore were constructed for determination of uranyl ion (UO2(II)) over wide concentration ranges. The linear concentration range for carbon paste electrodes (CPEs) was 1 × 10–6–1 × 10–2 mol/L with a detection limit of 1 × 10–6 mol/L and that for the screen-printed electrode (SPEs) was 1 × 10–5–1 × 10–1 mol/L with a detection limit of 8 × 10–6 mol/L. The slopes of the calibration graphs were 29.90 ± 0.40 and 29.10 ± 0.60 mV/decade for CPEs with dibutylphthalate (DBP) (electrode I) and o-nitrophenyloctylether (o-NPOE) (electrode II) as plasticizers, respectively. Also, the SPEs showed good potentiometric slopes of 29.70 ± 0.30 and 28.20 ± 1.20 mV/decade with DBP (electrode III) and o-NPOE (electrode IV), respectively. The electrodes showed stable and reproducible potential over a period of 54, 62, 101 and 115 days for electrodes I, II, III, and IV, respectively. The electrodes manifested advantages of low resistance, very fast response and, most importantly, good selectivities relative to a wide variety of other cations except Ce(III) ion which interfere seriously. The results obtained compared well with those obtained using atomic absorption spectrometry.

Russian Journal of Electrochemistry. 2018;54(2):201-215
pages 201-215 views

In-situ Study the Corrosion Degradation Mechanism of Tinplate in Salty Water by Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy

Ma C., Zhou B., Xia D., Gao Z., Wang J., Zhang Z., Behnamian Y., Hu W.

Аннотация

In this work, the corrosion degradation of tinplate in contact with salty water is investigated by scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). Experimental results indicate tin maintains at passive state during the exposure; however, pores and defects existed in tin coating leads to an exposure of carbon steel substrate to the electrolyte, in which localized corrosion tends to occur within the pore. A phenomenological model is proposed to interpret corrosion mechanism of tinplate in contact with salty food based on the proposed electrochemical equivalent circuit.

Russian Journal of Electrochemistry. 2018;54(2):216-223
pages 216-223 views

Sodium-Ion Batteries (a Review)

Skundin A., Kulova T., Yaroslavtsev A.

Аннотация

State-of-the-art in the studies of sodium-ion batteries is discussed in comparison with their deeper developed lithium-ion analogs. The principal problem hindering the development of competitive sodium-ion batteries is the low effectiveness of the electrode materials at hand. The principal efforts in the formation of anodes for the sodium-ion batteries are reduced to the development of materials based on carbon, metals, alloys, and transition metal oxides. Cathode materials are searched among oxides (first of all, layered) and salt systems. Synthesis of electrolytes for the sodium-ion batteries is not sufficiently attended to. Nowadays it is sodium salt solutions in organic solvents that are dominated; however, polymer and solid electrolytes with sodium conductivity may be thought of as very perspective. Reference list contains 584 items.

Russian Journal of Electrochemistry. 2018;54(2):113-152
pages 113-152 views

High Temperature Stability of Hydrated Ion Pairs Na+Cl(H2O)N under Conditions of a Flat Nanopore

Shevkunov S.

Аннотация

The high-temperature stability of hydrated ion pairs under conditions of a nanoscopic flat pore with hydrophobic structureless walls is studied by computer simulations. The limited space of the nanopore stimulates dissociation of the contact ion pair (CIP) with its transition to the state of the solvent-separated ion pair (SSIP); moreover, the ion pair demonstrates a high degree of stability on heating. The inverse temperature effect where the heating renders a moderate consolidating effect on the state of a hydrated contact ion pair is observed: when heated to the electrolyte boiling point, the free energy barrier that separates the CIP and SSIP states shifts by 2 molecules towards the larger hydration shells. On the pressure scale, the boundary between CIP and SSIP states shifts at the same rate as the saturating pressure with the increase in the temperature.

Russian Journal of Electrochemistry. 2018;54(2):153-169
pages 153-169 views

Synthesis and Conductivity of CaZr0.9Y0.1O3–δ Electrolyte Films on Supporting Composite Electrodes

Kuimov V., Khaliullina A., Pankratov A., Antonov B., Dunyushkina L.

Аннотация

Conditions of the chemical solution deposition of CaZrO3-based electrolyte films on supporting composite electrodes are studied. The films are formed on the composites of CaZrO3 with metal oxides СuO, Fe2O3, and NiO. The morphology and the phase and elemental composition of supports and films are studied as well as the gas permeability and conductivity of films. It is concluded that composites of calcium zirconate with nickel can be recommended as the supporting anodes for the proton-conducting CaZr0.9Y0.1O3–δ film electrolyte.

Russian Journal of Electrochemistry. 2018;54(2):170-177
pages 170-177 views

Structural and Conductive Characteristics of Fe/Co Nanotubes

Kozlovskii A., Kadyrzhanov K., Zdorovets M.

Аннотация

The properties of Fe/Co nanotubes, which were fabricated by the method of electrochemical template synthesis, are studied. It is shown that the atomic ratio between the metals in the nanotubes shifts in the direction of cobalt with increasing potential difference during their synthesis; the geometric parameters of nanotubes, in particular, the wall thickness, also vary. Using the X-ray diffraction analysis, it was found that an increase in the concentration of cobalt in the crystal structure of nanotubes leads to a decrease in the interplanar distance and an increase in the conductivity.

Russian Journal of Electrochemistry. 2018;54(2):178-185
pages 178-185 views

Maximum Current Density in the Reduction of the Bromate Anion on a Rotating Disk Electrode: Asymptotic Behavior at Large Thicknesses of the Diffusion Layer

Antipov A., Vorotyntsev M.

Аннотация

The reduction of the bromate anion on a rotating disk electrode (RDE) in a steady-state mode due to the catalytic cycle consisting of a reversible bromine/bromide redox pair and irreversible counter-proportionation reaction was studied theoretically. As the cycle is autocatalytic (EC″ mechanism: Electrochim. Acta, 2015, vol. 173, p. 779), at high volume concentrations of bromate the passing current can reach huge values limited by the ultimate diffusion current of bromate through the diffusion layer even at very low volume concentrations of bromine. In contrast to previous theoretical studies of this process, for numerical solution of the set of nonlinear equations with boundary conditions for concentrations we used the COMSOL Multiphysics program package, with which the solution can be found for both the galvanostatic mode (at a given current density) and the maximum current density. This allowed us to study the behavior of the maximum current density for the case of very high thickness of the diffusion layer and very high reaction rate constant. In this mode, the ratio of the maximum current to the limiting diffusion current of the reduction of the bromate anion to bromine was found to exceed not only intuitively anticipated unity, but also the “critical” value of 1.2, which formally corresponds to the limiting diffusion current of its reduction to the bromide anion (though the real end product is bromine), and this limiting value depends on the volume concentrations of both bromate and bromine.

Russian Journal of Electrochemistry. 2018;54(2):186-194
pages 186-194 views

Thermodynamic Study of Cu2GeS3 and Cu2–xAgxGeS3 Solid Solutions by the EMF Method with a Cu4RbCl3I2 Solid Electrolyte

Alverdiev I., Abbasova V., Yusibov Y., Tagiev D., Babanly M.

Аннотация

The Cu2GeS3–Ag2GeS3 system was studied by the EMF method with a Cu4RbCl3I2 solid electrolyte in the temperature range 300–380 K. The formation of wide regions of solid solutions from the starting compounds in this system was confirmed. The partial thermodynamic functions (ΔG, ΔH, ΔS) of copper in alloys were calculated from the equations of the temperature dependences of EMF. The current-forming reactions were determined based on the schematic diagram of solid-phase equilibria in the Cu–Ag–Ge–S system and used to calculate the standard thermodynamic functions of formation and the standard entropies of the compound Cu2GeS3 and solid solutions Cu2–xAgxGeS3 (х = 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 1.6, and 1.8) and the thermodynamic functions of mixing of the latter from ternary compounds.

Russian Journal of Electrochemistry. 2018;54(2):195-200
pages 195-200 views

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