Sodium-Ion Batteries (a Review)

Abstract

State-of-the-art in the studies of sodium-ion batteries is discussed in comparison with their deeper developed lithium-ion analogs. The principal problem hindering the development of competitive sodium-ion batteries is the low effectiveness of the electrode materials at hand. The principal efforts in the formation of anodes for the sodium-ion batteries are reduced to the development of materials based on carbon, metals, alloys, and transition metal oxides. Cathode materials are searched among oxides (first of all, layered) and salt systems. Synthesis of electrolytes for the sodium-ion batteries is not sufficiently attended to. Nowadays it is sodium salt solutions in organic solvents that are dominated; however, polymer and solid electrolytes with sodium conductivity may be thought of as very perspective. Reference list contains 584 items.