Bottom ash from municipal solid waste incineration: composition, leaching of heavy metals, treatment, possibilities of application and permissibility of burial

Cover Page

Cite item

Full Text

Open Access Open Access
Restricted Access Access granted
Restricted Access Subscription Access

Abstract

The most important problem that arises when handling bottom ash from municipal solid waste incineration, due to possible environmental pollution, is considered. The composition, chemical properties and mineralogy of bottom ash are presented. Issues of pollutant leaching from bottom ash, leaching testing methods, and predictive modelling are considered. Heavy metals as the most hazardous pollutants for the environment have been studied. The role of pH and dissolved organic carbon in leaching heavy metals is described. Methods for processing bottom ash to reduce environmental impact, the possibilities of using slag and regulatory restrictions are presented.

Full Text

Restricted Access

About the authors

T. I. Yuganova

Sergeev Institute of Environmental Geoscience RAS

Author for correspondence.
Email: tigryu@gmail.com
Russian Federation, Ulanskii per.13, str. 2, Moscow, 101000

V. S. Putilina

Sergeev Institute of Environmental Geoscience RAS

Email: vputilina@yandex.ru
Russian Federation, Ulanskii per.13, str. 2, Moscow, 101000

References

  1. Юганова Т. И. Остатки от сжигания твердых коммунальных отходов: состав, выщелачивание загрязнителей подземных вод, обработка для уменьшения воздействия на окружающую среду // Геоэкология. 2023. № 5. С. 65–78 (Yuganova T. I., Putilina V. S. [Residues from municipal solid waste incineration: composition, groundwater pollutant leaching, and treatment to reduce environmental impact]. Geoekologiya, 2023, no. 5, pp. 65–78.).
  2. Bingham, P.A., Hand, R. J. Vitrification of toxic wastes: a brief review. Advances in Applied Ceramics, 2006, vol. 105, no. 1, pp. 21–31.
  3. Blasenbauer, D., Huber, F., Lederer, J., et al. Legal situation and current practice of waste incineration bottom ash utilisation in Europe. Waste Management, 2020, vol. 102, pp. 868–883.
  4. CEN/TS14405:2004. Characterization of Waste — Leaching Behaviour Tests — Up-Flow Percolation Test (Under Specified Conditions) / European Committee for Standardization (CEN), 2017, 6 pp. URL: https://infostore.saiglobal.com/preview/258632207872.pdf?sku=880328_SAIG_NSAI_NSAI_2091468 (date of access: 02/05/2023).
  5. CEN/TS14997:2006. Characterization of waste — Leaching behaviour tests — Influence of pH on leaching with continuous pH-control, 2015. URL: https://www.evs.ee/en/cen-ts-14997–2006 (date of access: 02/05/2023).
  6. Cheeseman, C.R., Monteiro, da Rocha S., Sollars, C., et al. Ceramic processing of incinerator bottom ash. Waste Management, 2003, vol. 23, no. 10, pp. 907–916.
  7. Commission Decision of 18 December 2014 amending Decision 2000/ 532/EC on the list of waste pursuant to Directive 2008/98/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council (Text with EEA relevance). (2014/ 955/EU). Official Journal of the European Communities, 30.12.2014, L 370, pp. 44–86. URL: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=celex%3A32014D0955 (date of access: 2/05/2023).
  8. Commission Regulation (EU) No 1357/2014 of 18 December 2014 replacing Annex III to Directive 2008/98/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council on waste and repealing certain Directives (Text with EEA relevance). Official Journal of the European Communities, 19.12.2014, L 365, pp. 89–96. URL: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A32014R1357 (date of access: 02/05/2023).
  9. Council Decision of 19 December 2002 establishing criteria and procedures for the acceptance of waste at landfills pursuant to Article 16 of and Annex II to Directive 1999/31/EC. European Council (2003/33/EC). Official Journal of the European Communities. 16.1.2003, L 11, pp. 29–49. URL: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=celex%3A32003D0033 (date of access: 02/05/2023).
  10. Di Gianfilippo, M., Hyks, J., Verginelli, I., Costa, G., et al. Leaching behaviour of incineration bottom ash in a reuse scenario: 12 years-field data vs. lab test results. Waste Management, 2018, vol. 73, pp. 367–380.
  11. Dijkstra, J.J., Meeussen, J.C., van der Sloot, H.A., Comans, R.N. A consistent geochemical modelling approach for the leaching and reactive transport of major and trace elements in MSWI bottom ash. Applied Geochemistry, 2008, vol. 23, no. 6, pp. 1544–1562.
  12. Directive 2010/75/EU of the European parliament and of the Council of 24 November 2010 on industrial emissions (integrated pollution prevention and control) (Recast) (Text with EEA relevance). Official Journal of the European Communities, 17.12.2010, L 334, pp. 17–119. URL: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:32010L0075 (date of access: 02/05/2023).
  13. Ferraris, M., Salvo, M., Ventrella, A., Buzzi, L., Veglia, M. Use of vitrified MSWI bottom ashes for concrete production. Waste Management, 2009, vol. 29, no. 3, pp. 1041–1047.
  14. Holm, O., Simon, F. G. Innovative treatment trains of bottom ash (BA) from municipal solid waste incineration (MSWI) in Germany. Waste Management, 2017, vol. 59, pp. 229–236.
  15. Hykš, J. Leaching from Municipal Solid Waste Incineration Residues. Ph.D. thesis / Technical University of Denmark, Department of Environmental Engineering, 2008, 64 pp. URL: https://www.osti.gov/etdeweb/servlets/purl/961973 (date of access: 02/05/2023).
  16. Kong, Q., Yao, J., Qiu, Z., Shen, D. Effect of mass proportion of municipal solid waste incinerator bottom ash layer to municipal solid waste layer on the Cu and Zn discharge from landfill. BioMed Research International, 2016, vol. 2016, Iss. 9687879.
  17. Lam, C.H.K., Ip A. W.M., Barford J. P., McKay G. Use of incineration MSW ash: A review. Sustainability, 2010, vol. 2, no. 7, pp. 1943–1968.
  18. Lindberg D., Molin, C., Hupa, M. Thermal treatment of solid residues from WtE units: a review. Waste Management, 2015, vol. 37, pp. 82–94.
  19. Luo, H., Cheng, Y., He, D., Yang, E.-H. Review of leaching behavior of municipal solid waste incineration (MSWI) ash. Science of the Total Environment, 2019, vol. 668, pp. 90–103.
  20. Luo, H., He, D., Zhu, W., Wu, Y., Chen, Z., Yang, E.-H. Humic acid-induced formation of tobermorite upon hydrothermal treatment with municipal solid waste incineration bottom ash and its application for efficient removal of Cu(II) ions. Waste Management, 2019, vol. 84, pp. 83–90.
  21. Monteiro, R.C.C., Figueiredo, C.F., Alendouro, M.S., et al. Characterization of MSWI bottom ashes towards utilization as glass raw material. Waste Management, 2008, vol. 28, no. 7, pp. 1119–1125.
  22. Nikravan, M., Ramezanianpour, A.A., Maknoon, R. Study on physiochemical properties and leaching behavior of residual ash fractions from a municipal solid waste incinerator (MSWI) plant. Journal of Environmental Management, 2020, vol. 260, Iss. 110042.
  23. Quina, M.J., Bordado, J.C., Quinta-Ferreira, R.M. Treatment and use of air pollution control residues from MSW incineration: An overview. Waste Management, 2008, vol. 28, no. 11, pp. 2097–2121.
  24. Regulation (EC) No 850/2004 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 29 April 2004 on persistent organic pollutants and amending Directive 79/117/EEC. Official Journal of the European Communities, 30.4.2004, L 158, pp. 7–49. URL: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=celex%3A32004R0850 (date of access: 02/05/2023).
  25. Sakai, S.-I., Hiraoka, M. Municipal solid waste incinerator residue recycling by thermal processes. Waste Management, 2000, vol. 20, no. 2–3, pp. 249–258.
  26. Testing of Residues from Incineration of Municipal Solid Waste: Science report P1–494/SR2 / Environment Agency, UK, 2004, 126 pp. URL: https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/290379/scho0105bijb-e-e.pdf (date of access: 02/05/2023).
  27. Traina, G., Morselli, L., Adorno, G.P. Electrokinetic remediation of bottom ash from municipal solid waste incinerator. Electrochimica Acta, 2007, vol. 52, no. 10, pp. 3380–3385.
  28. Vehlow, J., Bergfeldt, B., Hunsinger, H. PCDD/F and related compounds in solid residues from municipal solid waste incineration — a literature review. Waste Management & Research, 2006, vol. 24, no. 5, pp. 404–420.
  29. Wong, S., Mah, A.X.Y., Nordin, A.H., et al. Emerging trends in municipal solid waste incineration ashes research: a bibliometric analysis from 1994 to 2018. Environmental Science & Pollution Research, 2020, vol. 27, no. 8, pp. 7757–7784.
  30. Xiao, Y., Oorsprong M., Yang, Y., Voncken, J.H.L. Vitrification of bottom ash from a municipal solid waste incinerator. Waste Management, 2008, vol. 28, no. 6, pp. 1020–1026.
  31. Xie, R., Xu, Y., Huang, M., Zhu, H., Chu, F. Assessment of municipal solid waste incineration bottom ash as a potential road material. Road Materials & Pavement Design, 2017, vol. 18, no. 4, pp. 992–998.
  32. Zhang, H., He, P.-J., Shao, L.-M., Li, X.-J. Leaching behavior of heavy metals from municipal solid waste incineration bottom ash and its geochemical modeling. Journal of Material Cycles & Waste Management, 2008, vol. 10, no. 1, pp. 7–13.

Supplementary files

Supplementary Files
Action
1. JATS XML
Download
2. Fig. 1. Concentrations of TM and ROE in the eluate (mg/l) obtained in the infiltration column test and in the pH-dependent leaching test. Dotted lines are the limit of detection [10].

Download (271KB)
Indexing metadata
3. Fig. 2. Concentrations of leached substances as a function of pH, measured using a static pH dependence test (white circles), and model forecasts (lines) for FC, Cd, Cu, Mo, Ni, Pb and Zn. Black circles on diagrams for FC and Cu are the results of independent experiments obtained after a longer balancing time of 168 hours. Horizontal dotted lines are the detection limits. The dashed line on the diagram for Pb is the solubility curve of pure Pb(OH)2(tv.) [11].

Download (267KB)
Indexing metadata
4. Fig. 3. Mineral phases and surface sediments (indicated by -sp), which can precipitate, depending on the pH during the run of the model [11].

Download (244KB)
Indexing metadata
5. Fig. 4. The results of infiltration tests and model predictions for FC, Cd, Cu, Mo, Ni, Pb and Zn, expressed as a function of the cumulative L/S ratio (l/kg). The arrows at the abscissa axis are fractions collected immediately after the interruption of the current (at L/S ~2.2 and 10 l/kg, respectively). Solid lines are forecasts of the reactive migration model. The dashed lines in the diagrams for Cu, Ni, Cd, Pb and Zn are model predictions calculated for each data point separately. Solid gray lines on the diagrams for FC and Mo are an alternative scenario of the model with a different set of kinetic parameters. Horizontal dotted lines are the limits of detection [11].

Download (275KB)
Indexing metadata

Copyright (c) 2024 Russian Academy of Sciences

This website uses cookies

You consent to our cookies if you continue to use our website.

About Cookies