Spatial and Temporal Variability of the Thermal Comfort Conditions in Kazakhstan

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Abstract

The investigation of cold stress conditions in Kazakhstan is motivated by the lack of generalized studies of thermal comfort for the country, the high social and economic consequences of extreme cold conditions for the region and the observed significant trends in air temperature and precipitation in the region. Basing on 3-hour data for 13 cities of Kazakhstan the seasonal cycle and spatial distribution of thermal comfort over the territory of Kazakhstan were analyzed. The wind-chill index (WCI) was used to assess cold stress, and the physiologically equivalent temperature (PET) was used for the warm period. It was shown that the coldest region of Kazakhstan is the North with the maximum amount of days with cold stress conditions in Astana and Petropavlovsk. The maximum number of days with cold stress occurs in January and February, the minimum is in March, and in October cold stress is not recorded on the territory of the Republic. High heat stress was recorded in all regions of Kazakhstan during all 6 months of the warm half-year. The maximum repeatability of high heat stress (PET index exceeding +35°C) is documented in Almaty and Shymkent. The spatial distribution of thermal comfort is governed mainly by atmosphere circulation in winter and radiation conditions in summer, which is characteristic of continental climate. The interannual variability of cold stress conditions has no pronounced trend and is irregular due to the specific of synoptic processes in a particular year. During the warm period in most cities, the number of days with high thermal stress increases toward the end of the period in accordance with the positive temperature trend.

It was revealed that the most thermally comfortable cities in Kazakhstan are Kokshetau and Kostanay, the most thermally uncomfortable ones are Almaty and Shymkent. It is shown that despite the fact that Kazakhstan is traditionally considered as a country with severe winter conditions, the summer period is the dominant factor for the conditions of thermal discomfort in the Republic.

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About the authors

Daria Y. Gushchina

Lomonosov Moscow State University

Author for correspondence.
Email: dasha155@mail.ru

Department of Meteorology and Climatology, Faculty of Geography, Professor, doctor of geographical sciences

Russian Federation, Moscow

Zhanel T. Muhtarova

Kazakhstan Branch of Lomonosov Moscow State University

Email: zhanelmkhtrva@gmail.com

Student, Department of Ecology and Nature Management

Kazakhstan, Astana

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Supplementary files

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2. Fig. 1. The number of days with WCI values in two grades: –28.0...–40.0°С (left column) and < –40.0°C (right column) for the cities of Northern Kazakhstan (Astana, Petropavlovsk, Kostanay and Kokshetau) during the cold period (November–March). October is not represented on the charts, as no cases with medium and high risk of frostbite have been registered for it. Data for the months from November to March are shown with various shading. Within each month, the number of days of each grade is presented. On the right, the total number of days falling into this gradation for all months of the cold period in a particular year is given, the vertical dotted line shows the average number of days with this WCI gradation for the available observation period. The observation period varies by cities, the maximum coverage is 2005–2021.

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3. Fig. 2. The same as in Figure 1, but for the cities of Central (Karaganda), Eastern (Ust-Kamenogorsk) and Southern (Taraz and Kyzylorda) Kazakhstan. For the cities of Southern Kazakhstan, only a grade –28.0...–40.0°С is presented, since no cases of WCI < –40.0 C have been recorded in these cities. The cities of Almaty and Shymkent are not presented, as isolated cases or no cases at all were registered.

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4. Fig. 3. The same as in Figure 1, but for the cities of Western Kazakhstan (Aktau, Atyrau, Aktobe). For the cities of Aktau and Atyrau, only a grade of –28.0...–40.0°С is presented, since no cases of WCI < –40.0°C have been recorded in these cities.

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5. Fig. 4. Distribution of the month averaged number of days with –39.9°C < WCI < –28 °C (a) WCI < –40°C (б) in cold period in Kazakhstan. Averaged over the period with available observations for each city.

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6. Fig. 5. The number of days with PET values in two grades: 28.0...34.9°С (left column) and > 35.0˚C (right column) for the cities of Northern Kazakhstan (Astana, Petropavlovsk, Kostanay and Kokshetau) during the warm period (April-September). Data for the months from April to September are shown with various shading. The legend is the same as in Fig. 1.

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7. Fig. 6. The same as in Fig. 5, but for the cities of Central (Karaganda), Eastern (Ust-Kamenogorsk) and Southern (Taraz, Kyzylorda) Kazakhstan.

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8. Fig. 7. The same as in Figure 5, but for the cities of Western Kazakhstan (Aktau, Aktobe, Atyrau).

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9. Fig. 8. The same as in Figure 5, but for the cities of Southern Kazakhstan (Almaty, Taraz, Shymkent).

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10. Fig. 9. Distribution of the month averaged number of days with 28°C < PET < 34.9°C (а), PET > 35°C (б) in warm period in Kazakhstan. Averaged over the period with available observations for each city.

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