Model of the formation of monzogabbrodiorite-syenite-granitoid intrusions by the example of the Akzhailau massif (East Kazakhstan)

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Abstract

This paper presents a model of the formation of a multiphase granitoid Akzhailau massif, formed within a Caledonian block of the Earth’s crust in Hercynian time. This work is based on the results of studies of petrogenic and rare elements composition, geochronological, mineralogical and isotope-geochemical studies. Three stages of the formation of the Akzhailau massif are distinguished, which differ significantly from the previously accepted ideas about the multicomplexity and polychronicity of this intrusive: 1) the formation of moderate alkaline A2-type leuсogranites (308–301 Ma); 2) intrusion of monzodiorites into the base of leucogranites (~295 Ma) increasing of partial melting degree of substrates with the formation of syenites and moderate alkaline granites of I-type (294–292 Ma); 3) the intrusion of dikes and small bodies of alkaline ferroekermanite A1-type leucogranites in the west and north of massif (~289 Ma). The Akzhailau massif was formed in the interval of about 15 million years in the middle-upper crust during the interaction of subalkaline basitic magmas of plume nature with metamorphosed crustal substrates of the orogenic structure.

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About the authors

Pavel D. Kotler

Sobolev Institute of Geology and Mineralogy of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences; Novosibirsk State University; Kazan Federal University

Email: pkotler@yandex.ru
Russian Federation, Novosibirsk; Novosibirsk; Kazan

Aleksandra V. Zakharova

Novosibirsk State University

Email: a.zaxarova@corp.nstu.ru
Russian Federation, Novosibirsk

Dina V. Semenova

Sobolev Institute of Geology and Mineralogy of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences; Kazan Federal University

Email: sediva@igm.nsc.ru
Russian Federation, Novosibirsk; Kazan

Anna V. Kulikova

Sobolev Institute of Geology and Mineralogy of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences; Kazan Federal University

Author for correspondence.
Email: ak_cool@mail.ru
Russian Federation, Novosibirsk; Kazan

Emil N. Badretdinov

Kazan Federal University

Email: pkotler@yandex.ru
Russian Federation, Kazan

Evgenii I. Mikheev

Sobolev Institute of Geology and Mineralogy of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences; Novosibirsk State University

Email: mikheev@igm.nsc.ru
Russian Federation, Novosibirsk; Novosibirsk

Aleksei S. Volosov

Sobolev Institute of Geology and Mineralogy of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences; Novosibirsk State University

Email: volosovas@igm.nsc.ru
Russian Federation, Novosibirsk; Novosibirsk

S. V. Khromykh

Sobolev Institute of Geology and Mineralogy of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences

Email: serkhrom@igm.nsc.ru
Russian Federation, Novosibirsk

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Supplementary files

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2. Fig. 1. Geological diagram of the Akzhailau massif. Inset is the position of the Akzhailau array in the structures of the Ob-Zaisan folded software system (Khromykh et al., 2019).

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3. Fig. 2. Outcrops of rocks of the Akzhailau massif; mingling–contacts between leucogranites and monzogabbrodiorites.

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4. Fig. 3. Photos of rock sections of the Akzhailau massif (on the left – passing light, on the right – in crossed nichols): (a) – monzogabbrodiorite, (b) – syenite, (c) – uniformly grained granite, (d) – porphyritic granite, (e) – leucogranite, (e) – ferroekermanite leucogranite. Bt – biotite, Pl – plagioclase, Hbl – hornblende, Kfs – potassium feldspar, Qz – quartz, Ab – albite, Eck – eckermanite, Aeg – aegirine.

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5. Fig. 4. Composition of rock-forming minerals of rocks of the Akzhailau massif: (a) – compositions of amphiboles, classification by (Leake et al., 1997); (b) – composition of plagioclases (top) and feldspars (bottom); (c) – composition of micas.

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6. Fig. 5. Composition of petrogenic components of rocks of the Akzhailau massif on the TAS diagram (Sharpenok et al., 2013) (a), on the SiO2–K2O diagram (Rickwood, 1989) (b) and on binary diagrams (c). The contents of all oxides are given in wt. %.

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7. 6. Distribution spectra of rare earth elements normalized to chondrite C 1 (Boynton, 1984) (left) and rare elements normalized to primitive mantle (PM) (Sun, McDonough, 1989) (right).

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8. Fig. 7. Results of U-Pb isotope dating and cathodoluminescent images of representative zircon grains from rocks of the Akzhailau massif.

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9. Fig. 8. Results of Ar-Ar isotope dating of amphiboles from rocks of the Akzhailau massif.

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10. Fig. 9. Results of determination of Sm-Nd and Rb-Sr isotopic compositions of rocks of the Akzhailau massif in diagrams (87Sr/86Sr)i–eNd(T) (a) and eNd–age (b).

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11. Fig. 10. Geochemical classification of the granitoids of the Akzhailau massif in diagrams. (a) SiO2—FeOtot/(FeOtot + MgO) (Frost et al., 2001); (b) SiO2—MALI (Frost et al., 2001); (c) Al2O3/(CaO + Na2O + K2O)—ASI, mol. Col. (Frost et al., 2001); (d) Zr–Zr/Y (Pearce, Norry, 1979) IAB fields – island–arc basalts, MORB - basalts of mid-oceanic ridges, WPB – intraplate basalts; (e) Rb–(Y + Nb) (Pearce et al., 1984) VAG fields – volcanic granites arc, syn-COLG – granites of collisional orogens, WPG – intraplate granites, ORG – granites of oceanic ridges; (e) (Na2O + K2O)—Fe2O3tot × 5– (CaO + MgO) × 5, mol. Col. (Grebenshchikov, 2014); (g) Zr + Nb + Ce + Y vs. FeOtot/MgO (Whalen et al., 1987) fields FG – fractionated granites, OTG – unfractionated granites; (h) Zr + Nb + Ce + Y vs. (Na2O + K2O)/CaO (Whalen et al., 1987); (i) results of determining P-T formation parameters rocks of the Akzhailau massif.

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12. Fig. 11. Stages of formation of the Akzhailau massif, based on the generalization of geochronological data. In addition to the author's data, data on the age of ferroekermanite granites of the Bolshaya Espe stock are presented (Baisalova, 2018; Frolova, 2018; Levashova et al., 2022).

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