Staurolite in Metabasites:  P-T-X  Conditions and the Ratios of Petrogenic Components as a Criterion of the Appearance of Staurolite

E. B. Borisova; Борисова Е. Б.; Sh. K. Baltybaev; Балтыбаев Ш. К.; J. A. D. Connolly; Коннолли Дж.

doi:10.31857/S086959032301003X

Staurolite in Metabasites: P-T-X Conditions and the Ratios of Petrogenic Components as a Criterion of the Appearance of Staurolite

Authors: Borisova E.B.¹^,2, Baltybaev S.K.¹^,2, Connolly J.A.³
Affiliations:
1. Institute of Precambrian Geology and Geochronology, Russian Academy of Sciences
2. St. Petersburg State University
3. Earth Sciences Department
Issue: Vol 31, No 1 (2023)
Pages: 29-48
Section: Articles
URL: https://journals.rcsi.science/0869-5903/article/view/137137
DOI: https://doi.org/10.31857/S086959032301003X
EDN: https://elibrary.ru/BAAPSY
ID: 137137

Cite item

Full Text

Open Access
Restricted Access

Access granted
Restricted Access

Subscription Access

Abstract
About the authors
References
Supplementary files
Statistics

Abstract

In addition to the widespread Fe-Mg staurolite, typical for medium-temperature high-alumina metapelites, there are a number of finds of magnesian staurolite in metamorphosed mafic rocks – metabasites. Based on thermodynamic modeling and analysis of the mineral formation patterns, the most significant factors of the staurolite formation in metabasites have been revealed. For the formation of staurolite in metabasites, in contrast to staurolite in low- and medium-pressure metapelites, medium- and high-pressure conditions of metamorphism are necessary. An increase in the proportion of carbon dioxide in the composition of the water-carbon dioxide fluid has practically no effect on staurolite-forming mineral reactions, but leads to their shift to lower temperatures and higher pressures. Al, Fe, Mg, Ca are critical petrogenic rock components for the formation of magnesian staurolite, the contents and ratios of which primarily determine the stability of staurolite in metabasites. To understand the regularities of mineral formation, it seems appropriate to divide metabasites into subgroups of predominantly magnesian, iron-magnesian, and ferruginous protoliths. Based on this division, three petrochemical modules are proposed in the form of the ratio of rock-forming components: MgO/CaO, CaO/FM, Al₂O₃/FM, based on which it is possible to predict the appearance of staurolite in the basic rock when the corresponding P-T conditions of metamorphism are reached.

Keywords

staurolite, petrochemical module, metamorphism, mineral paragenesis, thermodynamic modeling, fluid, metabasite

References

Борисова Е.Б., Балтыбаев Ш.К. Петрохимические критерии появления ставролита в метапелитах при среднетемпературном метаморфизме низких и средних давлений // Петрология. 2021. Т. 29. № 4. С. 536–551.
Кориковский С.П. Фации метаморфизма метапелитов. М.: Наука, 1979. 264 с.
Федькин В.В. Ставролит. Состав, свойства, парагенезисы и условия образования. М.: Наука, 1975. 271 с.
Arnold J., Powell R., Sandiford M. Ampibolites with staurolite and other aluminous minerals: Calculated mineral equilibria in NCFMASH // J. Metamorph. Geol. 2000. V. 18. № 1. P. 23–40.
Brooks C.K. The Fe2O3/FeO ratio of basaltic analyses: An appeal for a standardized procedure // Bull. Geol. Soc. Denmark. 1976. 25. P. 117–120.
Connolly J.A. Multivariable phase–diagrams – an algorithm based on generalized thermodynamics // Amer. J. Sci. 1990. V. 290. P. 666–718.
Dawson J.B. Kimberlites and Their Xenoliths. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag, 1980. 252 p.
Deer W.A., Howie R.A., Zussman J. Rock-forming Minerals. Vol. 1a: Orthosilicates. N.Y.: Halsted Press, 1982. P. 1–936.
Enami M., Zang Q. Magnesian staurolite in garnet-corundum rocks and eclogite from the Donghoi district, Jiangsu Province, Eas China // Amer. Mineral. 1988. V. 73. P. 48–58.
Faryad S.W., Hoinkes G. Reaction textures in Al-rich metabasite; implication for metamorphic evolution of the Easern border of the Middle // Lithos. 2006. V. 90. P. 145–157.
Fockenberg T. Synthesis and chemical variability of Mg-staurolite in the system MgO–Al2O3–SiO2–H2O as a function of water pressure // Eur. J. Mineral. 1995. V. 7. P. 1373–1380.
Gil Ibarguchi J.I., Mendia M. Mg- and Cr-rich staurolite and Cr-rich kyanite in high-pressure ultrabasic rocks (Cabo Ortegal, northwestern Spain) // Amer. Mineral. 1991. V. 76. P. 501–511.
Grew E.S., Sandiford M. Staurolite in a garnet-hornblende-biotite schist from the Lanterman Range, northern Victoria Land, Antarctica // Neues Jahrbuch für Mineralogie. 1985. V. 9. P. 396–410.
Hellman P.L., Green T.H. The high-pressure experimental crystallization of staurolite in hydrous marie compositions // Contrib. Mineral. Petrol. 1979. V. 68. P. 369–372.
Helms T.S., McSween H.Y., Laolka T.C., Jarosewich F.E. Petrology of a Georgia Blue Ridge ampibolite unit with hornblende-gedrite-kyanite-staurolite // Amer. Mineral. 1987. V. 72. P. 1086–1096.
Holdaway M.J., Mukhopadhyay B. Thermodynamic properties of stoichiometric staurolite H2Fe4Al18Si8O48 and H6Fe2Al18Si8O48 // Amer. Mineral. 1995. V. 80. P. 520–533.
Holland T.J.B., Powell R. An improved and extended internally consistent thermodynamic dataset for phases of petrological interest, involving a new equation of state for solids // J. Metamorph. Geol. 2011. V. 29. P. 333–383.
Hughes C.J., Hussey E.M. Standardized procedure for presenting corrected Fe2O3/FeO ratios in analyses of fine-grained mafic rocks // N. Jb. Mineral. Mh. 1979. V. 12. P. 570–572.
Humphreys H.S. Metamorphic evolution of ampibole-bearing aluminous gneisses from the Easern-Namaqua Province, South Africa // Amer. Mineral. 1993. V. 78. P. 1041–1055.
Koch-Müller M. Experimentally determined Fe-Mg exchange between synthetic staurolite and garnet in the system MgO–FeO–Al2O3–SiO2–H2O // Lithos. 1997. V. 41. P. 185–212.
Kuhns R.J., Sawkin F.J., Ito E. Magmatism, metamorphism and deformation at Helmo, Ontario, and the timing of Au-Mo mineralization in the golden mine // Econ. Geol. Bull. Soc. Econ. Geol. 1994. V. 89. P. 720–756.
López V., Soto J. Metamorphism of calc-silicate rocks from the Alboran Basement // Eds. R. Zahn, M. Comas, A. Klaus. Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program, Scientific Results. 1991. V. 161. P. 251–259.
Mezger J.E., Passchier C.W. Polymetamorphism and ductile deformation of staurolite-Crndierite schist of the Bossost Dome: Indication for Variscan extension in the Axial Zone of the central Pyrenees // Geol. Mag. 2003. V. 140. № 5. P. 595–612.
Nicollet C. Saphirine et staurotide riche en magnésium et chrome dans les amphibolites et anorthosites à corindon du Vohibory Sud, Madagascar // Bull. Mineral. 1986. V. 109. P. 599–612.
Powell R., Holland T.J.B., Worley B. Calculating phase diagrams involving solid solutions via non-linear equations, with examples using THERMOCALC // J. Metamorph. Geol. 1998. V. 16. P. 577–588.
Purttscheller F., Mogessie A. Staurolite in gamet ampibolite from Sölden, Ötztal Old Crystalline Basement, Austria // Tschermaks Mineralogische und Petrographische Mitteilungen. 1984. V. 32. P. 223–233.
Ríos C.A., Castellanos O.M. First report and significance of the staurolite metabasites associated to a sequence of calc-silicate rocks from the Silgará Formation at the central Santander Massif, Colombia // Revista de la Academia Colombiana de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales. 2014. V. 38. № 149. P. 418–429.
Ríos C.A., Castellanos O.M., Gómez S.I., Avila G. Petroge-nesis of the metacarbonate and related rocks of the Silgará Formation, central Santander Massif, Colombian Andes: An overview of a “reaction calcic exoscarn” // Earth Sci. Res. J. 2008. V. 12. P. 72–106.
Santosh M., Tsunogae T., Koshimoto S. First report of sapphirine-bearing rocks from the Palghat-Cauvery Shear Zone System, Southern India // Gondwana Res. 2004. V. 7. P. 620–626.
Schreyer W., Seifert F. High-pressure phases in the system MgO–Al2O3–SiO2–H2O // Amer. J. Sci. 1969. V. 267-A. P. 407–443.
Schreyer W. A reconnaissance study of the system MgO–Al2O3–SiO2–H2O at pressures between l0 and 25 kb // Carnegie Inst. Wash. Year Book. 1967. V. 6. P. 380–392.
Schreyer W., Horrocks P.C., Abraham K. High-magnesium staurolite in a sapphirine-garnet rock from the Limpopo Belt, Southern Africa // Contrib. Mineral. Petrol. 1984. V. 86. P. 200–207.
Selverstone J., Spear F.S., Franz G., Morteani G. P-T-t paths for hornblende + kyanite + staurolite garbenschists: High-pressure metamorphism in the western Tauern Window, Australia // J. Petrol. 1984. V. 25. P. 501–531.
Shimpo M., Tsunogae T., Santosh M. First report of garnet-corundum rocks from Southern India: Implications for prograde high-pressure (eclogite-facies?) metamorphism // Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 2006. V. 242. P. 111–129.
Simon G., Chopin C. Enstatite-sapphirine crack-related assemblages in ultrahigh-pressure pyrope megablasts, Dora-Maira massif, western Alps // Contrib. Mineral. Petrol. 2001. V. 140. P. 422–440.
Simon G., Chopin C., Schenk V. Near-end-member magnesiochloritoid in prograde-zoned pyrope, Dora-Maira massif, western Alps // Lithos. 1997. V. 41. P. 37–57.
Spear F.S. Phase equilibria of amphibolites from the Post Pond Volcanics, Vermont // Carnegie Inst. Wash. Year Book. 1977. V. 76. P. 613–619.
Spear F.S. Petrogenetic grid for amphibolites from the Post Pond and Ammonoosuc Volcanics // Carnegie Inst. Wash. Year Book. 1978. V. 77. P. 805–808.
Spear F.S. The gedrite-anthophyllite solvus and the composition limits of orthoamphibole from the Post Pond Volcanics, Vermont // Amer. Mineral. 1980. V. 65. № 11–12. P. 1103–1118.
Spear F.S. Phase equilibria of ampibolites from the Post Pond Volcanics, Mt. Cube quadrangle, Vermont // J. Petrol. 1982. V. 23. P. 383–426.
Thompson A. Calc-silicate diffusion zones between marble and pelitic schist // J. Petrol. 1975. V. 16. P. 314–346.
Tsujimori T., Liou J.G. Metamorphic evolution of kyanite-staurolite-bearing epidote-ampibolite from the Early Palaeozoic Oeyama belt, SW Japan // J. Metamorph. Geol. 2004. V. 22. P. 301–313.
Tsunogae T., Santosh M. Sapphirine and corundum-bearing granulites from Karur, Madurai Block, Southern India // Gondwana Res. 2003. V. 6. P. 925–930.
Tsunogae T., van Reenen D.D. High-pressure and ultrahigh-temperature metamorphism in the Central Zone of the Limpopo Complex, southern Africa // Geol. Soc. Amer. 2010. https://doi.org/10.1130/2011.1207(07)
Ward C.M. Magnesium staurolite and green chromian staurolite from Fiordland, New Zealand // Amer. Mineral. 1984. V. 69. P. 531–540.
Whitney D.L., Evans B.W. Abbreviations for names of rock-forming minerals // Amer. Mineral. 2010. V. 95. P. 185–187.
White R.W., Powell R., Holland T.J.B., Worley B.A. The effect of TiO2 and Fe2O3 on metapelitic assemblages at greenschist and ampibolite facies conditions: Mineral equilibria calculations in the system K2O–FeO–MgO–Al2O3–SiO2–H2O–TiO2–Fe2O3 // J. Metamorph. Geol. 2000. V. 18. P. 497–511.