THE RISK FACTORS OF DEVELOPMENT AND PROGRESSION OF CALCINED AORTIC STENOSIS


Cite item

Full Text

Abstract

The calcined aortic stenosis is one the most frequently occurring cardio-vascular diseases with unfavorable prognosis of course. The modern concepts about risk factors of development, pathogenesis and course of disease starting with inflammation and endothelial dysfunction and terminating with bone metaplasia permit determining prospective directions of deceleration of progression of calcined aortic stenosis. The high risk of unfavorable cardio-vascular occurrences associated with calcinosis of valvular apparatus of heart, availability of concomitant diseases making difficulties for correction of valvular impairments makes searching for causes of development and progression of ectopic calcification of aortic valve especially actual. The development of strategy of modification of risk factors and prevention of progression of early valvular impairments and blood circulation insufficiency are actual to the same extent. The review considers main clinical factors associated with development of calcined aortic stenosis, significance of genetic polymorphism in development of this heart disease and also main pathogenic mechanisms of its progressing.

About the authors

O. V Andropova

The polyclinic №1 of the executive office of the President of the Russian Federation

Email: o.andropova@vipmed.ru
канд. мед. наук, врач-кардиолог кардиологического отделения ФГБУ «Поликлиника № 1» УД Президента РФ, Москва 119149, Moscow, Russian Federation

L. A Alekseeva

The polyclinic №1 of the executive office of the President of the Russian Federation

119149, Moscow, Russian Federation

L. O Minushkina

The training research medical center of the executive office of the President of the Russian Federation

121359, Moscow, Russian Federation

References

  1. Otto C.M., Lind B.K., Kitzman D.W., Gersh B.J., Siscovick D.S. Association of aortic-valve sclerosis with cardiovascular mortality and morbidity in the elderly. N. Engl. J. Med. 1999; 341 (3): 142-7.
  2. Boone A., Cheriex E., Lodder J., Kessels F. Cardiac valve calcification: characteristics of patients with calcification mitral annulus or aortic valve. Heart. 1997; 78 (5): 472-4.
  3. Lindroos M., Kupari M., Valvanne J., Strandberg T., Heikkilä J., Tilvis R. Factors associated with calcific aortic valve degeneration in the elderly. Eur. Heart J. 1994; 15 (7): 865-70.
  4. Stewart B.F., Siscovick D., Lind B.K., Gardin J.M., Gottdiener J.S., Smith V.E. et al. Clinical factors associated with calcific aortic valve disease. Cardiovascular Health Study. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 1997; 29 (3): 630-4.
  5. Olsen M.H., Wachtell K., Bella J.N., Gerdts E., Palmieri V., Nieminen M.S. et al. Aortic valve sclerosis relates to cardiovascular events in patients with hypertension (a LIFE substudy). Am. J. Cardiol. 2005; 95 (1): 132-6.
  6. Owens D.S., Budoff M.J., Katz R., Takasu J., Shavelle D.M., Carr J.J. et al. Aortic valve calcium independently predicts coronary and cardiovascular events in a primary prevention population. JACC. Cardiovasc. Imaging. 2012; 5 (6): 619-25.
  7. Everborn G.W., Schirmer H., Heggelund G., Lunde P., Rasmussen K. The evolving epidemiology of valvular aortic stenosis. The Tromsø Study. Heart. 2013; 99 (6): 396-400.
  8. Kearney K., Sigursdsson S., Eiriksdottir G., O’Brien K.D., Gudnason V., Owens D.S. Incidence and Progression of Aortic Valve Calcification among the Elderly: a Prospective Analysis of the Age, Gene-Environment Susceptibility (AGES)-Reykjavik Study. Circulation. 2012; 126: A17756.
  9. Völzke H., Haring R., Lorbeer R., Wallaschofski H., Reffelmann T., Empen K. et al. Heart valve sclerosis predicts all-cause and cardiovascular mortality. Atherosclerosis. 2010; 209 (2): 606-10.
  10. Aronow W.S., Ahn C., Shirani J., Kronzon I. Comparison of frequency of new coronary events in older subjects with and without valvular aortic sclerosis. Am. J. Cardiol. 1999; 83 (4): 599-600.
  11. Kodali S.K., Williams M.R., Smith C.R., Svensson L.G., Webb J.G., Makkar R.R. et al. Two-year outcomes after transcatheter or surgical aortic-valve replacement. N. Engl. J. Med. 2012; 366 (18): 1686-95.
  12. Makkar R.R., Fontana G.P., Jilaihawi H., Kapadia S., Pichard A.D., Douglas P.S. et al. Transcatheter aortic-valve replacement for inoperable severe aortic stenosis. N. Engl. J. Med. 2012; 366 (18): 1696-704.
  13. Otto C.M., Prendergast B. Aortic-valve stenosis - from patients at risk to severe valve obstruction. N. Engl. J. Med. 2014; 371 (8): 744-56.
  14. Aggeli C., Lampropoulos K., Stefanadis C. Aortic stenosis and hypertension: is there any relationship? Hellenic. J. Cardiol. 2009; 50 (1): 1-2.
  15. Bach D.S. Prevalence and characteristics of unoperated patients with severe aortic stenosis. J. Heart Valve Dis. 2011; 20: 284-91.
  16. Bach D.S., Siao D., Girard S.E., Duvernoy C., McCallister B.D. Jr., Gualano S.K. Evaluation of patients with severe symptomatic aortic stenosis who do not undergo aortic valve replacement: the potential role of subjectively overestimated operative risk. Circ. Cardiovasc. Qual. Outcomes. 2009; 2 (6): 533-9.
  17. Malouf J., Le Tourneau T., Pellikka P., Sundt T.M., Scott C., Schaff H.V. et al. Aortic valve stenosis in community medical practice: determinants of outcome and implications for aortic valve replacement. J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg. 2012; 144 (6): 1421-7.
  18. Perera S., Wijesinghe N., Ly E., Devlin G., Pasupati S. Outcomes of patients with untreated severe aortic stenosis in real-world practice. N. Z. Med. J. 2011; 124 (1345): 40-8.
  19. van Geldorp M.W.A., van Gameren M. Kappetein A.P., Arabkhani B., de Groot-de Laat L.E., Takkenberg J.J. et al. Therapeutic decisions for patients with symptomatic severe aortic stenosis: room for improvement. Eur. J. Cardiothorac. Surg. 2009; 35 (6): 953-7.
  20. Siu S.C., Silversides C.K. Bicuspid Aortic Valve Disease. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 2010; 55 (25): 2789-800.
  21. Michelena H.I., Prakash S.K., Della Corte A., Bissell M.M., Anavekar N., Mathieu P. et al.Bicuspid aortic valve: identifying knowledge gaps and rising to the challenge from the International Bicuspid Aortic Valve Consortium (BAVCon). Circulation. 2014; 129 (25): 2691-704.
  22. Iung B., Baron G., Butchart E.G., Delahaye F., Gohlke-Bärwolf C., Levang O.W. et al. A prospective survey of patients with valvular heart disease in Europe: The Euro Heart Survey on Valvular Heart Disease. Eur. Heart J. 2003; 24 (13): 1231-43.
  23. Mohler E.R. 3rd, Wang H., Medenilla E., Scott C. Effect of statin treatment on aortic valve and coronary artery calcification. J. Heart Valve Dis. 2007; 16 (4): 378-86.
  24. Rossebø A.B., Pedersen T.R., Boman K., Brudi P., Chambers J.B., Egstrup K. et al. Intensive lipid lowering with simvastatin and ezetimibe in aortic stenosis. N. Engl. J. Med. 2008; 359 (13): 1343-56.
  25. Otto C.M., Burwash I.G., Legget M.E., Munt B.I., Fujioka M., Healy N.L. et al. Prospective study of asymptomatic valvular aortic stenosis. Clinical, echocardiographic, and exercise predictors of outcome. Circulation. 1997; 95 (9): 2262-70.
  26. Katz R., Budoff M.J., Takasu J., Shavelle D.M., Bertoni A., Blumenthal R.S. et al. Relationship of metabolic syndrome with incident aortic valve calcium and aortic valve calcium progression: the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA). Diabetes. 2009; 58 (4): 813-9.
  27. Owens D.S., Katz R., Takasu J., Kronmal R., Budoff M.J., O'Brien K.D. Incidence and progression of aortic valve calcium in the Multi-ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA). Am. J. Cardiol. 2010; 105 (5): 701-8.
  28. Antonini-Canterin F., Huang G., Cervesato E., Faggiano P., Pavan D., Piazza R. et al. Symptomatic aortic stenosis: does systemic hypertension play an additional role? Hypertension. 2003; 41 (6): 1268-72.
  29. Ikram H., Marshall D.E., Moore S.M., Bones P.J. Hypertension in valvar aortic stenosis. N. Z. Med. J. 1979; 89 (632): 204-7.
  30. Nishimura R.A., Otto C.M., Bonow R.O., Carabello B.A., Erwin J.P. 3rd, Guyton R.A. et al. 2014 AHA/ACC guideline for the management of patients with valvular heart disease: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg. 2014; 148 (1): e1-e132.
  31. Rieck Å.E., Cramariuc D., Boman K., Gohlke-Bärwolf C., Staal E.M., Lønnebakken M.T. et al. Hypertension in aortic stenosis: implications for left ventricular structure and cardiovascular events. Hypertension. 2012; 60 (1): 90-7.
  32. Raggi P., Boulay A., Chasan-Taber S., Amin N., Dillon M., Burke S.K. et al. Cardiac calcification in adult hemodialysis patients. A link between end-stage renal disease and cardiovascular disease? J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 2002; 39 (4): 695-701.
  33. Wang A.Y., Wang M., Woo J., Lam C.W., Li P.K., Lui S.F. et al. Cardiac valve calcification as an important predictor for all-cause mortality and cardiovascular mortality in long-term peritoneal dialysis patients: a prospective study. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 2003; 14 (1): 159-68.
  34. Antonini-Canterin F., Popescu B.A., Huang G., Korcova-Miertusova R., Rivaben D., Faggiano P. et al. Progression of aortic valve sclerosis and aortic valve stenosis: what is the role of statin treatment? Ital. Heart J. 2005; 6 (2): 119-24.
  35. Sugihara N., Matsuzaki M., Kato Y. The relation between bone calcium metabolism and senile aortic valve calcification. Nihon Ronen Igakkai Zasshi 1992; 29 (5): 403-10. (in Japanese)
  36. Akat K., Kaden J.J., Schmitz F., Ewering S., Anton A., Klomfass S. et al. Calcium metabolism in adults with severe aortic valve stenosis and preserved renal function. Am. J. Cardiol. 2010; 105 (6): 862-4.
  37. Андропова О.В., Полубенцева Е.И., Анохин В.Н. Факторы, способствующие развитию дегенеративного аортального клапанного стеноза. Клиническая медицина. 2005; 83 (6): 51-4
  38. Nassimiha D., Aronow W.S., Ahn C., Goldman M.E. Association of coronary risk factors with progression of valvular aortic stenosis in older persons. Am. J. Cardiol. 2001;87 (11): 1313-4.
  39. Novaro G.M., Katz R., Aviles R.J., Gottdiener J.S., Cushman M., Psaty B.M. et al. Clinical factors, but not C-reactive protein, predict progression of calcific aortic-valve disease: the Cardiovascular Health Study. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 2007; 50 (20): 1992-8.
  40. Boudoulas H. Etiology of valvular heart disease. Expert Rev. Cardiovasc. Ther. 2003; 1 (4): 523-32.
  41. Ortlepp J.R., Hoffmann R., Ohme F., Lauscher J., Bleckmann F., Hanrath P. The vitamin D receptor genotype predisposes to the development of calcific aortic valve stenosis. Heart. 2001; 85 (6): 635-8.
  42. Ralston S.H. The impact of the human genome on endocrinology. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 2002; 87: 2460-6.
  43. Rajamannan N.M., Subramaniam M., Rickard D., Stock S.R., Donovan J., Springett M. et al. Human aortic valve calcification is associated with an osteoblast phenotype. Circulation. 2003; 107 (17): 2181-4.
  44. Ortlepp J.R., Schmitz F., Mevissen V., Weiss S., Huster J., Dronskowski R. et al. The amount of calcium-deficient hexagonal hydroxyapatite in aortic valves is influenced by gender and associated with genetic polymorphisms in patients with severe calcific aortic stenosis. Eur. Heart J. 2004; 25 (6): 514-22.
  45. Orlowska-Baranowska E., Placha G., Gaciong Z., Baranowski R., Zakrzewski D., Michalek P. et al. Influence of ACE I/D genotypes on left ventricular hypertrophy in aortic stenosis: gender-related differences. J. Heart. Valve Dis. 2004; 13 (4): 574-81.
  46. Mohler E.R. 3rd, Gannon F., Reynolds C., Zimmerman R., Keane M.G., Kaplan F.S. Bone formation and inflammation in cardiac valves. Circulation. 2001; 103 (11): 1522-8.
  47. Rajamannan N.M., Evans F.J., Aikawa E., Grande-Allen K.J., Demer L.L., Heistad D.D. et al. Calcific aortic valve disease: not simply a degenerative process: A review and agenda for research from the National Heart and Lung and Blood Institute Aortic Stenosis Working Group. Executive summary: Calcific aortic valve disease-2011 update. Circulation. 2011; 124 (16): 1783-91.
  48. Thanassoulis G., Campbell C.Y., Owens D.S., Smith J.G., Smith A.V., Peloso G.M. et al. Genetic associations with valvular calcification and aortic stenosis. N. Engl. J. Med. 2013; 368 (6): 503-12.Smith J.G., Luk K., Schulz
  49. C.A., Engert J.C., Do R., Hindy G. et al. Association of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol-related genetic variants with aortic valve calcium and incident aortic stenosis. JAMA. 2014; 312 (17): 1764-71.
  50. Dweck M.R., Boon N.A., Newby D.E. Calcific aortic stenosis: a disease of the valve and the myocardium. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 2012; 60 (19): 1854-63.
  51. Helske S., Kupari M., Lindstedt K.A., Kovanen P.T. Aortic valve stenosis: an active atheroinflammatory process. Curr. Opin. Lipidol. 2007; 18 (5): 483-91.
  52. O'Brien K.D., Reichenbach D.D., Marcovina S.M., Kuusisto J., Alpers C.E., Otto C.M. Apolipoproteins B, (a), and E accumulate in the morphologically early lesion of 'degenerative' valvular aortic stenosis. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 1996; 16 (4): 523-32.
  53. Poggianti E., Venneri L., Chubuchny V., Jambrik Z., Baroncini L.A., Picano E. Aortic valve sclerosis is associated with systemic endothelial dysfunction. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 2003; 41 (1): 136-41.
  54. O'Brien K.D., Kuusisto J., Reichenbach D.D., Ferguson M., Giachelli C., Alpers C.E. et al. Osteopontin is expressed in human aortic valvular lesions. Circulation. 1995; 92 (8): 2163-8.
  55. O'Brien K.D., Shavelle D.M., Caulfield M.T., McDonald T.O., Olin-Lewis K., Otto C.M. et al. Association of angiotensin-converting enzyme with low-density lipoprotein in aortic valvular lesions and in human plasma. Circulation. 2002; 106 (17): 2224-30.
  56. Mazzone A., Epistolato M.C., De Caterina R., Storti S., Vittorini S., Sbrana S. et al. Neoangiogenesis, T-lymphocyte infiltration, and heat shock protein-60 are biological hallmarks of an immunomediated inflammatory process in end-stage calcified aortic valve stenosis. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 2004; 43 (9): 1670-6.
  57. Helske S., Syväranta S., Kupari M., Lappalainen J., Laine M., Lommi J. et al. Possible role for mast cell-derived cathepsin G in the adverse remodelling of stenotic aortic valves. Eur. Heart J. 2006; 27 (12): 1495-504.
  58. Liberman M., Bassi E., Martinatti M.K., Lario F.C., Wosniak J. Jr., Pomerantzeff P.M. et al. Oxidant generation predominates around calcifying foci and enhances progression of aortic valve calcification. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 2008; 28 (3): 463-70.
  59. O'Brien K.D., Probstfield J.L., Caulfield M.T., Nasir K., Takasu J., Shavelle D.M. et al. Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and change in aortic valve calcium. Arch. Intern. Med. 2005; 165 (8): 858-62.
  60. Katsi V., Marketou M., Kallistratos M.S., Makris T., Manolis A.J., Tousoulis D. et al. Aortic valve stenosis and arterial hypertension: a synopsis in 2013. Curr. Hypertens. Rep. 2013; 15 (4): 298-303.
  61. Jacob M.P. Extracellular matrix remodeling and matrix metalloproteinases in the vascular wall during aging and in pathological conditions. Biomed. Pharmacother. 2003; 57 (5-6): 195-202.
  62. Jian B., Jones P.L., Li Q., Mohler E.R. 3rd, Schoen F.J., Levy R.J. Matrix metalloproteinase-2 is associated with tenascin-C in calcific aortic stenosis. Am. J. Pathol. 2001; 159 (1): 321-7.
  63. Kaden J.J., Dempfle C.E., Grobholz R., Fischer C.S., Vocke D.C., Kiliç R. et al. Inflammatory regulation of extracellular matrix remodeling in calcific aortic valve stenosis. Cardiovasc. Pathol. 2005; 14 (2): 80-7.
  64. Lee Y.S., Chou Y.Y. Pathogenetic mechanism of senile calcific aortic stenosis: the role of apoptosis. Chin. Med. J. (Engl.). 1998; 111 (10): 934-9.
  65. Satta J., Melkko J., Pöllänen R., Tuukkanen J., Pääkkö P., Ohtonen P. et al. Progression of human aortic valve stenosis is associated with tenascin-C expression. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 2002; 39 (1): 96-101.
  66. Yu P.J., Skolnick A., Ferrari G., Heretis K., Mignatti P., Pintucci G. et al. Correlation between plasma osteopontin levels and aortic valve calcification: potential insights into the pathogenesis of aortic valve calcification and stenosis. J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg. 2009; 138 (1): 196-9.
  67. Ferrari G., Sainger R., Beckmann E., Keller G., Yu P.J., Monti M.C. et al. Validation of plasma biomarkers in degenerative calcific aortic stenosis. J. Surg. Res. 2010; 163 (1): 12-7.
  68. Caira F.C., Stock S.R., Gleason T.G., McGee E.C., Huang J., Bonow R.O. et al. Human degenerative valve disease is associated with up-regulation of low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 5 receptor-mediated bone formation. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 2006; 47 (8): 1707-12.

Copyright (c) 2017 Eco-Vector


 


This website uses cookies

You consent to our cookies if you continue to use our website.

About Cookies