Avian flu: «for whom the bell tolls»?

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Abstract

The family Orthomyxoviridae consists of 9 genera, including Alphainfluenza virus, which contains avian influenza viruses. In two subtypes H5 and H7 besides common low-virulent strains, a specific type of highly virulent avian virus have been described to cause more than 60% mortality among domestic birds. These variants of influenza virus are usually referred to as «avian influenza virus». The difference between high (HPAI) and low (LPAI) virulent influenza viruses is due to the structure of the arginine-containing proteolytic activation site in the hemagglutinin (HA) protein. The highly virulent avian influenza virus H5 was identified more than 100 years ago and during this time they cause outbreaks among wild and domestic birds on all continents and only a few local episodes of the disease in humans have been identified in XXI century. Currently, a sharp increase in the incidence of highly virulent virus of the H5N1 subtype (clade h2.3.4.4b) has been registered in birds on all continents, accompanied by the transmission of the virus to various species of mammals. The recorded global mortality rate among wild, domestic and agricultural birds from H5 subtype is approaching to the level of 1 billion cases. A dangerous epidemic factor is becoming more frequent outbreaks of avian influenza with high mortality among mammals, in particular seals and marine lions in North and South America, minks and fur-bearing animals in Spain and Finland, domestic and street cats in Poland. H5N1 avian influenza clade h2.3.4.4b strains isolated from mammals have genetic signatures of partial adaptation to the human body in the PB2, NP, HA, NA genes, which play a major role in regulating the aerosol transmission and the host range of the virus. The current situation poses a real threat of pre-adaptation of the virus in mammals as intermediate hosts, followed by the transition of the pre-adapted virus into the human population with catastrophic consequences.

About the authors

Oleg P. Zhirnov

The D.I. Ivaovsky Institute of Virology, The N.F. Gamaleya Research Center of Epidemiology and Microbiology, The Russian Ministry of Health; The Russian-German Academy of Medical-Social and Biotechnological Sciences, Skolkovo Innovation Center

Email: zhirnov@inbox.ru
ORCID iD: 0000-0002-3192-8405

Academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Professor, Dr Sci (Biology), Head of the Laboratory

Russian Federation, 123098, Moscow; 109029, Moscow

Dmitry K. Lvov

The D.I. Ivaovsky Institute of Virology, The N.F. Gamaleya Research Center of Epidemiology and Microbiology, The Russian Ministry of Health

Author for correspondence.
Email: dk_lvov@mail.ru
ORCID iD: 0000-0001-8176-6582

Academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Professor, Dr Sci (Medicine), Chief Researcher

Russian Federation, 123098, Moscow

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2. Fig. 1. Founders of the concept of natural focality of the Influenza A virus (Orthomyxoviridae: Influenza A virus). Pictured from left to right: Graham Laver (Australia), Dmitry Lvov (USSR), Robert Webster (USA) [8, 22, 26, 27].

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3. Fig. 2. Structure of the proteolytic activation site of the influenza A virus hemagglutinin (HA) protein.

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4. Fig. 3. Adaptation stages of the H5N1 avian influenza virus and the emergence of a pandemic variant of the human influenza plague virus.

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5. Fig. 4. Reasons and consequences of the penetration of the highly pathogenic influenza virus A/H5N1 into Northern Eurasia (spring 2005 ‒ spring 2008) [5].

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Copyright (c) 2024 Zhirnov O.P., Lvov D.K.

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