Contribution of oxytocin and dopamine to the formation of neural clusters in the neocortex representing multimodal sensory stimuli

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Abstract

We have previously proposed a unified mechanism for the formation of contrasted representations of multimodal sensory stimuli in the activity of neocortical neurons. Contrasting is based on the opposite sign of modification of the efficacy of strong and weak excitatory inputs to the spiny cells of the striatum (the input structure of the basal ganglia) and the subsequent dopamine-dependent activity reorganizations in parallel cortico – basal ganglia – thalamocortical loops. Oxytocin and dopamine (through D1 receptors) can improve the contrast of these representations, contributing to the induction of LTP of the efficacy of excitation of cortical, thalamic, and hippocampal neurons innervating spiny cells. In addition, oxytocin and dopamine can improve contrasting enhancement by increasing the signal-to-noise ratio in the neocortex, hippocampus, and striatum. A proposed mechanism for increasing the signal-to-noise ratio is based on the opposite sign of a long-term modification of the efficacy of monosynaptic excitatory and disynaptic inhibitory inputs, simultaneously affecting the postsynaptic neuron. The proposed mechanisms may underlie the contribution of oxytocin and dopamine to improving the formation and long-term maintenance of activity in neuronal groups with similar receptive fields that form columns in the primary visual cortex, a tonotopic map in the primary auditory cortex, a somatotopic map in the sensorimotor cortex, and distributed clusters in the olfactory piriform cortex. These mechanisms differ from the commonly accepted mechanisms of the formation of neuronal clusters in the neocortex with similar RPs, that are based on afferent and lateral excitation and inhibition, which does not allow providing the specificity and duration of effects. Understanding the mechanisms of involvement of oxytocin and dopamine in the processing of multimodal sensory information may be useful for developing treatments for some disorders of social behavior.

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About the authors

I. G. Silkis

Institute of Higher Nervous Activity and Neurophysiology of the Russian Academy of Sciences

Author for correspondence.
Email: isa-silkis@mail.ru
Russian Federation, 117485, Moscow

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Supplementary files

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2. Fig. 1. Simplified diagram of the neural network cortex – basal ganglia – thalamus – cortex, involved in the processing of sensory information and the formation of displays of sensory stimuli in the activity of neural clusters in the cortex. A – processing of signals that are preferred for cortical neurons; B – processing of signals that are not preferred for cortical neurons. P and H are clusters of pyramidal cells in the cortex, strongly and weakly activated by a sensory stimulus, which was preferred and not preferred for them, respectively. Striatum. – striatum, D1 and D2 – dopamine receptors; C-H and C-P are strionigral and striopallidar spike cells, respectively; CVr and PMk are the reticular and compact parts of the black substance, respectively; BSn is the outer part of the pale globe. CVr and BSn contain projected GABAergic cells. PPJ is the pedunculopontine nucleus; VD and ND are the upper and lower two–lobes, respectively. YES– dopamine. The sensory cortex is the sensory cortex. Sens. A stimulus is a sensory stimulus. The black circles are GABAergic cells. The lines ending in black arrows and diamonds are excitatory and inhibitory inputs, respectively. Small triangles and squares are potentiated and depressed synaptic inputs, respectively. Thick and thin lines are strong and weak inputs, respectively. Dashed dotted lines with light arrows are dopaminergic inputs. The nuclei of the basal ganglia are outlined with thicker lines than other structures.

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3. Fig. 2. A simplified scheme of the participation of oxytocin and dopamine in improving the formation of the display of a sensory stimulus in the activity of a pyramidal cell, which is part of a neural cluster in the cortex. The big triangle is a pyramid-shaped cage. TI is the inhibitory interneuron; hippocampus is the hippocampus; PfC is the prefrontal cortex; RUNWAY is the ventral field of the tire; PVYA and SOY are the paraventricular and supraoptic nuclei of the hypothalamus; STE is the subthalamic nucleus. The lines ending in black arrows at both ends are bilateral excitatory connections. Dotted lines with light arrows represent oxytocinergic inputs. The rest of the designations are as in Fig. 1.

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