Early Studies of Ice Strength Properties for the Purposes of Icebreaker Construction in Russia
- Authors: Sazonov K.E.1,2
-
Affiliations:
- Krylov State Research Center
- St. Petersburg State Marine Technical University
- Issue: Vol 44, No 1 (2023)
- Pages: 20-36
- Section: From the History of Science
- URL: https://journals.rcsi.science/0205-9606/article/view/126337
- DOI: https://doi.org/10.31857/S020596060024503-5
- ID: 126337
Abstract
Icebreaker construction that began to develop in Russia and Europe in the second half of the 19th century dictated the need for seafarers and shipbuilders to study the ice covers of the freezing waters as navigation environment. One of the most important characteristics on which the ships’ ice-breaking capabilities depend is ice strength. The problem of sea and freshwater ice strength was particularly urgent for Vice Admiral S. O. Makarov when he was putting the case for building the first Arctic icebreaker Yermak. It was for this reason that he initiated these studies. At about the same time, a renowned shipbuilder V. I. Afanasiev also came to the conclusion that it was necessary to study ice strength properties, and carried out a number of experiments together with his son. Makarov engaged A. N. Krylov, Superintendent of the Towing Tank, in the experimental data analysis. The article describes the history of, and analyzes the conclusions from, these experiments that for a long time remained the only source of data on strength properties of sea and freshwater ice.
Keywords
Full Text
![Restricted Access](https://journals.rcsi.science/lib/pkp/templates/images/icons/text_lock.png)
About the authors
Kirill E. Sazonov
Krylov State Research Center; St. Petersburg State Marine Technical University
Author for correspondence.
Email: redakcia-viet@yandex.ru
Russian Federation, St. Petersburg, Moskovskoe shosse, 44; St. Petersburg, Lotsmanskaya ul., 3
References
- Andrienko, V. G. (2009) Ledokol’nyi flot Rossii, 1860-e – 1918 gg. [Icebreaking Fleet of Russia, 1860s – 1918]. Moskva: Evropeiskie izdaniia.
- Afonas’ev, V. I. (1899) Plastichnost’ i krepost’ l’da [Plasticity and Strength of Ice], Kotlin, no. 17 (571), no. 21 (575), no. 23 (576).
- Afonas’ev, V. I. (1899) Materialy k izucheniiu dvizheniia sudna. III. Ledokoly [Materials for the Study of Vessel Movement. III. Icebreakers]. Sankt-Peterburg: Tipografiia Morskogo ministerstva.
- Arnol’d-Aliab’ev, V. I. (1928) Ledovye avarii v Baltiiskom more i bor’ba s nimi [Ice Accidents in the Baltic Sea and Fight Against Them], Morskoi sbornik, no. 4, pp. 162–181.
- Gil’man, L. S. (1948) Opredelenie napriazhenii v plavaiushchei ledianoi plite, ogranichennoi priamolineinoi kromkoi, ot deistviia nagruzki, prilozhennoi k kromke [Determination of Stresses in a Floating Ice Slab, Bounded by a Straight Edge, from the Action of a Load Applied to the Edge], Trudy Vysshego inzhenerno-tekhnicheskogo uchilishcha VMF, no. 4, pp. 21–35.
- Isliamov, I. (1901) Probnoe plavanie “Ermaka” na severe v 1899 g [Trial Voyage of Yermak in the North in 1899], Zapiski po gidrografii, no. 23, pp. 194–217.
- Kamenev, G. F. (1951) Zhizn’ i deiatel’nost’ inzhener-mekhanika V. I. Afanas’eva [The Life and Work of a Mechanical Engineer V. I. Afanasiev], Trudy Leningradskogo korablestroitel’nogo instituta, no. 8, pp. 110–116.
- Kheisin, D. E. (1960) Prochnostʼ ledianogo pokrova pod deistviem nagruzki, prilozhennoi k ego kromke [The Strength of Ice Cover Under the Action of a Load Applied to Its Edge], Trudy Arkticheskogo i Antarkticheskogo nauchno-issledovatelʼskogo instituta, vol. 237, pp. 133–152.
- Krasotkina, T. A. (1956) Iz perepiski A. N. Krylova s S. O. Makarovym, I. P. de-Kolongom, N. E. Zhukovskim i drugimi [From the Correspondence Between A. N. Krylov and S. O. Makarov, I. P. de Colongue, N. E. Zhukovsky, and Others], Trudy Instituta istorii estestvoznaniya i tekhniki, vol. 15, pp. 54–167.
- Krylov, A. N. (1903) Zapiski po teorii korablestroeniia: kurs starshego spetsial’nogo klassa Morskogo kadetskogo korpusa [Notes on the Theory of Shipbuilding: A Course for the Senior Special Class of the Naval Cadet Corps]. Sankt-Peterburg: Tipo-litografiia K. Birkenfel’da.
- Krylov, A. N. (1949) Nabliudeniia nad krepost’iu l’da i soprotivleniem ego dvizheniiu ledokola “Ermak” [Observations on Ice Strength and Its Resistance to the Movement of the Yermak Icebreaker], in: Smirnov, V. I., and Shimanskii, Iu. A. (eds.) Sobranie trudov akademika A. N. Krylova [A Collection of Works by Academician A. N. Krylov], vol. 9, pt. 2, pp. 165–182.
- Kuznetsov, P. A. (1939) Deistvie l’da na sooruzheniia morskikh portov i zashchita ot nego [The Effect of Ice on the Seaport Facilities and Protection from It]. Leningrad: Inzhenernyi otdel Krasnoznamennogo Baltiiskogo flota.
- Lavrov, V. V. (1969) Deformatsiia i prochnost’ l’da [Ice Deformation and Strength]. Leningrad: Gidrometeoizdat.
- Levonevskii, D. A. (1943) S. O. Makarov i zavoevanie Arktiki [S. O. Makarov and the Conquest of the Arctic]. Leningrad and Moskva: Izdatel’stvo Glavsevmorputi.
- Makarov, S. O. (1901) “Ermak” vo l’dakh [Yermak in the Ice]. Sankt-Peterburg: Tipografiia SPb. aktsionernogo obshchestva pechatnogo dela v Rossii E. Evdokimov.
- Maslov, A. I. (1937) Opyt rascheta vneshnikh usilii, deistvuiushchikh na korpus sudna v ledovykh usloviiakh [An Attempt at Calculating External Forces Acting on the Hull in Ice Conditions], Trudy Vsesoiuznogo nauchnogo inzhenerno-tekhnicheskogo obshchestva sudostroeniia, vol. 2, no. 3, pp. 129–132.
- Poia, D. (Pólya, G.) (1975) Matematika i pravdopodobnye rassuzhdeniia [Mathematics and Plausible Reasoning]. Moskva: Nauka.
- Runeberg, R. (1889) On Steamers for Winter Navigation and Ice-Breaking (Including Plates at Back of Volume), Minutes of the Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers, vol. 97, iss. 1889, pp. 277–301.
- Runeberg, R. (1900) Steamers for Winter Navigation and Ice-Breaking (Including Plates at Back of Volume), Minutes of the Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers, vol. 140, iss. 1900, pp. 109–123.
- Sazonov, K. E. (2021) Model’nyi i naturnyi eksperiment v morskoi ledotekhnike [Model and FullScale Experiment in Marine Ice Engineering]. Sankt-Peterburg: Krylovskii gosudarstvennyi nauchnyi tsentr.
- Sazonov, K. E. (2021) Inzhener Robert Runeberg: mezhdu Finliandiei i Rossiei [Engineer Robert Runeberg: Between Finland and Russia], Priroda, no. 6 (1270), pp. 67–79.
- Sazonov, K. E. (2021) «Tsar’-ledokol» akademika A. N. Krylova [Academician A. N. Krylov’s “Tsar Icebreaker”], Problemy Arktiki i Antarktiki, vol. 67, no. 2, pp. 208–221.
- Stefanovich, A. N. (1977) Admiral S. O. Makarov – sozdatel’ pervogo v mire arkticheskogo ledokola “Ermak” [Admiral S. O. Makarov, the Creator of the World’s First Arctic Icebreaker Yermak], in: Dubravin, A. I. (ed.) Deiatel’nost’ vitse-admirala S. O. Makarova v sudostroenii [Activities of Vice Admiral S. O. Makarov in Shipbuilding]. Leningrad: Sudostroenie.
- Struve, F. G. W. (1845) Notiz über die Untersuchungen des Eises als fester Körper, Bulletin de la Classe physico-mathématique de l’Académie impériale de sciences de Saint-Pétersbourg, vol. 4, no. 10–11, pp. 169–170.
- Timoshenko, S. P. (1957) Istoriia nauki o soprotivlenii materialov [History of the Science of Material Strength]. Moskva: Gosudarstvennoe izdatel’stvo tekhniko-teoreticheskoi literatury.
- Veinberg, B. P. (1940) Led. Svoistva, vozniknovenie i ischeznovenie l’da [Ice. Properties, Appearance and Disappearance of Ice]. Leningrad and Moskva: Gosudarstvennoe izdatel’stvo tekhnikoteoreticheskoi literatury. Vitman, F. F., and Shandrikov, N. P. (1938) Nekotorye issledovaniia mekhanicheskoi prochnosti l’da [Some Studies on Mechanical Strength of Ice], Trudy Arkticheskogo instituta, vol. 110, pp. 83–100.
![](/img/style/loading.gif)