Psikhologicheskii zhurnal

The paper continues the analysis of relationships between varied psychological mechanisms of overcoming difficult (critical) situations, viewed as forms of self-regulation in situations of critical challenges. A motivational model of coping by E. Skinner and K. Edge is presented, which is based on Self-Determination Theory by E. Deci and R. Ryan. Then the author’s theoretical poliresource model of coping with difficult situations is explicated, that integrates the constructs of resilience, coping, psychological defense, regulatory coping, and post-traumatic growth. The model describes psychological responses to difficult situations as successive frontiers of defense against the necessity to change, based on different categories of a person’s psychological resources. The availability of necessary resources account for the possibility of successful coping at a given frontier, while their lack suggests a retreat to a subsequent frontier.

The article presents the main positions of L.I. Antsyferova on personality as a developing systemic integrity, in which all processes and mechanisms that include personality in interaction with the world are integrated into a common semantic basis. The coincidence of the key positions of Antsyferova’s concept of personal behavior (to be responsible for all life on Earth, to follow emotional and empathic morality, to make morality the basis of relationships) with the ideology of the document of experts on the results of the foresight of the century (strategic dialogue with all on Earth, empathic management and empathic education) is shown. The authors analyze “behavior” as a processual and dynamic characteristic of personality from a historical perspective: they show the priority of domestic scientists in presenting the behavior of the organism as a reflexological process (I.M. Sechenov, I.P. Pavlov, V.M. Bekhterev), give approaches to the scientific content of the concept of “behavior”, types of behavior (K. Levin, P. Janet, A. Bandura, J. Rotter). The semantic closeness of the phenomenon “behavior” with the processes: movement, interaction, activity, attitude, transformation is shown. The original position of I.M. Sechenov is given as the highest level of behavior, where the will, high moral principles and responsibility are combined, which is the basic characteristic of behavior. The justification for the use of the concept “activity” in the scientific vocabulary of Soviet psychologists and the necessity of introducing the term “behavior” into the scientific concepts of modern Russian psychology is presented. The functional purpose of the concept “behavior” in correlation with the concepts of “activity” and “communication” is substantiated.

The purpose of the work is a theoretical analysis of the problem of socio-psychological factors of the integration potential of the host society and its attitude towards migrants. Currently, large-scale migration processes are taking place in society, which have a significant impact on various spheres of social relations. The process of creating conditions for the inclusion of migrants in Russian society is possible based on the analysis of socio-psychological factors of its integration potential. The concept of the “integration potential of the host society” is clarified as a set of resources and conditions available in a particular society aimed at the interaction of migrants and representatives of the host population, contributing to the process of adaptation of migrants, as a result of which, based on common goals and interests, optimal connections are established between them and social groups necessary for the formation of society as a systemic integrity. The factors of the integration potential of the host society are identified, including acculturation expectations, a basic sense of security, positive ethnic identity, ethnic tolerance, and the implementation of a multiculturalism strategy.

Seeking psychological help is a protective factor for adolescent mental health; it has become especially important during the COVID-19 pandemic. This study examined help-seeking among adolescents before and during the pandemic in relation to common internalizing and externalizing problems, body image and eating distress, suicidality and substance use, taking into account gender, age and school environment. The sample included 1008 adolescents assessed in 2015–2018 and 917 adolescents assessed in 2021 (53.1% girls, average age 14.6 years). Statistical analyses used contingency tables, analysis of variance, and structural equation modeling. During the pandemic, adolescents began to seek psychological help more often. Girls reported help-seeking more often than boys; the prevalence of help-seeking in girls increased with age. Аdolescent internalizing problems were most closely related to help-seeking. Suicidality was also associated with help-seeking, mainly among girls and during the pandemic. Externalizing, body dissatisfaction and substance use had little or no association with help-seeking. Adolescents most often sought help from relatives; adolescents with high suicidality sought help from a psychologist, and others (coach in sports, friend, internet, etc.). During the pandemic, adolescents were more likely to seek help from a teacher; girls were more likely to seek help from a psychologist. Substance use was associated with help-seeking from a teacher. School environment was a significant factor in predicting help-seeking. Intervention programmes that focus on promoting help-seeking should take into account adolescent mental health problems and school environment.

The article is devoted to the scientific work of Tatiana Nikolaevna Ushakova, a prominent specialist in the field of psychology and psychophysiology of speech, psycholinguistics. The main stages of T.N. Ushakova’s professional career are traced, and her achievements in the field of speech ontogenesis, speech generation mechanisms, and speech intentionality are highlighted. The diverse directions of her theoretical and experimental research are considered, the prospects and relevance of scientific developments are emphasized. A characteristic feature of T.N. Ushakova’s scientific style is the harmonious combination of deep theoretical foundations of research, their careful methodological elaboration and an accessible presentation of the results obtained.

The article presents a scientific and historical research study dedicated to the biography, personal qualities, and professional activities of the renowned Soviet psychologist, one of the founders and leaders of the Faculty of Psychology at Leningrad State University, a representative of the practical branch of the Soviet psychological school, Doctor of Psychological Sciences, Professor Albert Alexandrovich Krylov. His extraordinary organizational abilities and pronounced pedagogical talent are highlighted. The article shows the fundamental role of A.A. Krylov in the development and organization of the scientific and pedagogical team of the Faculty of Psychology and its research sector, which addressed the psychological support tasks for the development and operation of military and defense technology.

The results of the approbation of the methodology “Scale of career-adaptive abilities, SHKAS” on a sample of students are presented. The study involved 1.097 Russian university students aged 17 to 29 (Age = 20.39; SD = 2.02), including 693 girls (63.2%). The “Scale of career adaptive abilities, SHKAS” allows us to diagnose career adaptability itself, represented in the questionnaire by a general scale, and the resources implementing it (interest, control, curiosity, and confidence) according to the four corresponding subscales. The four-factor structure of the methodology has been confirmed, corresponding to the theoretical concept of career adaptability and the international version of the questionnaire. The Cronbach’s alpha and McDonald’s omega internal consistency coefficients demonstrate high reliability of all SHKAS subscales, including the general “career adaptability” scale. Data on the invariance of the SHKAS measurement in groups of boys and girls are presented. The revealed correlations of indicators of career adaptability with the level of conscious self-regulation, life satisfaction and time perspective indicate the convergent validity of the methodology.

This article attempts to analyze the problem of studying the phenomenon of scientific heritage and continuity in the history of psychology. Interpretation of scientific heritage is one of the complex tasks that necessitate professional discussion among historians of psychology. The importance of discussing the question of the criteria of scientific tradition, defining the correlation of the concepts of “tradition”, “heritage”, “continuity”, studying the conditions of emergence and preservation of scientific tradition in the history of psychology is emphasized. The importance of systematic scientific development of the model of tradition research in Russian psychology is emphasized. It is concluded that the study of this problem is essential for the development of the methodology of the history of psychology not only from the position of comprehension of the phenomenon of “scientific traditions” as a subject of research, but also from the position of inspiration of the scientific community to solve significant methodological issues.

The paper is a debatable response to the collective monograph “Scientific Approaches in Modern Domestic Psychology”. The general idea of volume composition and introductory chapter is interpreted as the basis for a novel methodology of systemic inter-paradigm communication and coordination. It is hypothesized that the authors imply a category of subject in their metaphor of “bridges between paradigms” in the sense that this category serves as a potential link between various approaches in contemporary psychology. The article discusses the call for reflection on how a researcher’s personality contributes to scientific activity, both by giving personal meaning to this activity and by structuring the design of a study. This call manifests itself in the form of a “positionality statement”, which is of high relevance due to the organizational diversity of modern psychology. It is contended that the “internal methodology” is a defining feature of a scientist’s personality. Furthermore, the reflection on the author’s methodological attitudes does not serve as an obstacle to inter-paradigmatic dialogue, but rather enhances the ability for scientific empathy. Three variants of inter-paradigmatic interaction are proposed in order to foster the development of distinct research approaches. The “concentration” line of development seeks to maintain the distinctive characteristics across all levels of the methodological framework. This leads to an enhanced replication of the “branded” achievements of the approach in new material. The “generalizing” line of development involves incorporating the achievements of other approaches. These “external” achievements are transferred to “internal” ones in the status of analogues (i.e., having diverse origins but leading to identical consequences). Finally, the line of development, conventionally called “ecumenical”, consists in integrating historically different approaches into broader methodological clusters. These clusters use the unity of general scientific principles and philosophical sources, which leads to their mutual strengthening.