Vol 51, No 2 (2025)

In recent years, there has been an increased interest in understanding how humans distinguish their own names from other stimuli. This can be attributed to the intensive development of personalized approaches in medicine, psychology, and rehabilitation. The purpose of this study was, based on an analysis of the bioelectrical activity of the brain, to identify the characteristics of a person’s perception of his own name in comparison with stimuli of similar and different sounds. The study included 29 healthy participants aged 18 to 48 who had common Russian names and used short forms of those names. Event-related potentials (ERP) were recorded during a task involving the participants' own names, similar names, words with similar sounds, different names, and Chukchi words. Data analysis involved estimating the amplitude of the ERP response and conducting factor analysis. In the ERP, two time intervals were identified in which differences appeared in response to different types of stimuli. The first complex corresponds to the N100 and P200 peaks and the first syllable of the stimuli. The second complex corresponds to a negative peak at a latency of 400–600 ms from the beginning of the stimulus or the second syllable. Factor analysis carried out on these two identified intervals revealed the presence of three factors related to different groups of electrodes. The data obtained through factor analysis allows us to conclude that perception of one's own name takes place in several stages. The first stage corresponds to the isolation of the first syllable and the final stage to the evaluation of the entire word (name). It can be assumed that various functional systems are involved in perception of one's own name and contribute to maintaining wakefulness, attention, and perception of auditory and verbal information.

The parameters of oculomotor activity (OMA) were studied in 22 adolescents aged 15 (M = 15.46, SD = 0.44) when reading a complex text. Based on a set of objective OMA parametres, groups with different levels of reading skills were identified (Group 1 – high, Group 2 – low). Analysis of the spatial and temporal parameters of OMA revealed deficits in the development of reading process mechanisms in 40.9% of adolescents. A comparative analysis of the OMA parameters in adolescents showed significant differences depending (relation between) on the level of reading skill development. The advantages of Group 1 children were manifested in a smaller percentage of regressive saccades and corrective saccades when moving to a new line, as well as a larger amplitude of progressive saccades. This eye movement trajectory was reflected in the amount of text read and the speed, which were significantly higher in Group 1 adolescents (p < 0.001) compared to Group 2 adolescents. This indicates a more developed reading skill and, apparently, a more effective reading strategy. A qualitative analysis of the reading process allowed for the identification of the OMA features depending on the development level of the reading skill. A well-developed (high) reading skill was characterized by the omissions of certain function words and repetitive words. A less automated (low) skill was accompanied by difficulties in understanding syntactic constructions when rereading endings, prepositions and parts of a sentence, including isolated ones. The analysis of comprehension of the text and memorizing specific data did not reveal a significant difference between the analyzed groups of adolescents. At the same time, a higher variability of comprehension was revealed in adolescents of group 2. High and low levels of text comprehension were noted both in those with a well-developed of reading skill and in those with an insufficiently automated skill. This allowed for analysis of individual reading strategies in relation to different level of text comprehension and for a discussion of the possible influence of the development of cognitive components of reading on comprehension.

Training with blood flow restriction attracts more and more attention of scientific and sports community. The aim is to develop and experimentally substantiate the methodology of occlusion training application to improve the performance of female athletes engaged in aesthetic gymnastics. A randomized controlled study was conducted according to CONSORT guidelines. Female athletes were randomized by the tabular method of “random numbers” into two groups: the experimental group trained with blood flow restriction (n = 10), and the control group trained according to their traditional method (n = 10). The following were used: interview, examination, body composition analysis, vertical jump with countermovement and ergospirometry. The groups differed statistically significantly in lean body mass index, vertical jump with countermovement, oxygen consumption at anaerobic threshold and maximal oxygen consumption. A 15-minute occlusion training session, 3 times a week (occlusion pressures 40–80%) improves body composition and performance.

In order to indirectly prove the presence of neuronal acetylcholine (NN-Ach) synthesis in the ventricles of the heart, which occurs under the influence of endurance training, in 8 elite ski racers (MS, MSMC) of the national team of the Republic of Tatarstan in the preparatory and competitive periods, as well as in a member of this team, athlete K.D. (MS, the first author of the article) in all three periods of the annual cycle, including during the transition period cardiointervalography (CIG) was performed sequentially (for 5 min) in the conditions of clinostasis and orthostasis. The values of 15 indicators of heart rate variability (HRV) were studied, in particular 8 spectral (power of TP waves, absolute and relative power of HF-, VLF-, LF- waves, LF/HF ratio) and 7 temporal (RRNN, HR, pNN50%, RMSSD, SDNN, MхDMn and SI, or stress index) of indicators. It was found that the medians of most HRV indicators change during the active transition from clinostasis to orthostasis, but the degree of change depends on the preparation period (the exception is the median RMSSD, which decreases during the transition to orthostasis throughout all three periods by the same amount). In particular, the changes of the medians of HF, LF, HF%, LF%, LF/HF, RRNN, HR, pNN50% were minimal in the 1-st (preparatory) and maximal in the 3rd (transition) period. This can be explained by the «restraining effect of NN ACh, the synthesis of which in the preparatory period is probably higher than in the transitional period. When implementing an orthostatic test, the median of TP and its dynamics are a marker of the presence of NN-Ach synthesis in the myocardium – in this case, TP is characterized by high median values in clinostasis and their decrease in orthostasis, and in the absence of NN-Ach synthesis, low median TP values in clinostasis and their growth in orthostasis. A marker of NN-Ach synthesis is also the degree of change in the medians of pNN50%, SDNN, SDNN and the absolute power of VLF-waves.

Synchronous registration of sleep parameters in practically healthy young womens was carried out using polysomnography and by recording the rhythmocardiographic activity of the sleeping body using a Polar Vantage V sports watch. The data obtained were compared in pairs, using the Spearman rank correlation method and by epoch-by-epoch comparison of sleep phase coincidence indicators. A high degree of correspondence was revealed with the total duration of sleep, time spent in bed, sleep efficiency values and the total duration of short-term awakenings recorded by the two above-mentioned methods. The mode of epoch-by-epoch comparison of the periods of coincidence of the Rem phases, as well as the N₂ and N₃ phases during polysomnographic and rhythmocardiographic registration, brought results not exceeding 60%.

It is known about sympathetic and parasympathetic regulation of the heart activity and thyroid gland. At the same time, information about seasonal changes in these processes in the conditions of the European North is practically absent. We have analyzed the seasonal changes in the levels of catecholamines, acetylcholine, thyroid hormones and functional parameters of the cardiovascular system, taking into account the temperature of the atmosphere, as the leading factor determining the comfort of the external environment for human life activity. The same group of men (group I) (n = 20) was examined − practically healthy male population of Arkhangelsk (64°32'24" NL) in seasons of the year with contrasting temperatures: summer (June) and winter (December) with the determination of the blood level of catecholamines in the blood (dopamine, adrenaline, norepinephrine), acetylcholine and thyroid hormones (triiodothyronine (T3), thyroxine (T4), free triiodothyronine (fT3), free thyroxine (fT4), thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), thyroxine-binding globulin (TBG)). The same group of men (group II) (n = 16) was examined in Syktyvkar (61°40'35" NL) They were highly qualified cross-country skiers with a cyclic load on the body during the preparation for national competitions in winter, in December (cross-country skiing) and in summer, in July (roller skiing) with the determination of heart rate and blood pressure. The study of the autonomic nervous system was conducted on military personnel of the 2nd month of their compulsory service serving in Syktyvkar (group III) (n = 14), conscripted from the central Russia, as well as on students (group IV) (n = 14), residents of Syktyvkar using the Ashner-Danyini test. It is shown that in December, compared with June, practically healthy men of group I have a decreased level of thyroid hormones, dopamine, acetylcholine in the peripheral blood with an increase in low values of adrenaline and a tendency to increase the acetylcholine/adrenaline (ACh/adrenaline) and acetylcholine/dopamine (ACh/dopamine) indices, which is probably due to a decrease in the activity of the sympathoadrenal system. In men of group II involved in cross-country skiing, in winter, compared with summer, lower values of systolic-diastolic blood pressure are established and a pronounced tendency to slow down the heart rate is found. In practically healthy men of group III and group IV, mobilization of the body in response to physical activity is accompanied by an increase in the inhibitory effect of the vagus on the chronotropic function of the heart. It is assumed that this type of modification of the activity of regulatory systems is aimed at minimizing the energy costs of an organism living in seasonally unfavorable conditions of high latitudes, where the deficit of solar insolation in winter is accompanied by a cold atmosphere.

Recovery after physical exercise is a critically important aspect of achieving athletic performance, enabling the body to adapt to workloads and preventing overtraining. The aim of this study is to summarize and analyze scientific data on sports nutrition. The PRISMA 2020 guidelines (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) were utilized for the systematic review. Literature searches were conducted using the databases PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar. The search period covered the years 1990 to 2023. Effective recovery after fitness training involves several physiological processes, including glycogen replenishment, muscle tNo. regeneration, hormonal balance normalization, and restoration of electrolyte balance. Nutrition plays a key role in maintaining and accelerating these processes, making it an integral part of recovery programs. Mechanisms contributing to rapid recovery are discussed, including the importance of combining proteins and carbohydrates in a 3 : 1 or 4 : 1 ratio, as well as the significance of hydration and electrolyte replenishment to prevent dehydration. Additionally, supplements such as BCAAs (branched-chain amino acids: leucine, isoleucine, and valine), EAAs (essential amino acids: leucine, isoleucine, valine, lysine, methionine, threonine, phenylalanine, tryptophan, and histidine), and creatine are considered for their roles in enhancing recovery and improving strength performance. Vitamins C and E, with their potent antioxidant properties, protect cells from oxidative stress, further accelerating the recovery process. This review article analyzes current scientific data on sports nutrition, highlighting the role of nutritional components – proteins, carbohydrates, vitamins, and minerals. By integrating various aspects of sports nutrition and supplementation, the article emphasizes their importance in effective post-exercise recovery.