The Adoption of the 1982 UN Convention on the Law of the Sea and the Position of the United States

This article analyses the diplomacy of the United States during the eleventh session of the Third United Nations Conference on the Law of the Sea, which concluded with the adoption of the 1982 Convention. Drawing on declassified materials from the US Department of State and official UN records, the study reconstructs the evolution of Washington’s position under the Reagan administration. It demonstrates that the United States sought to safeguard its commercial and strategic interests in the exploitation of deep seabed resources and to resist provisions inspired by the New International Economic Order, which favoured developing states. Despite efforts to build an alternative regime together with its Western allies, the US delegation failed to secure support for its amendments to Part XI of the draft Convention. The analysis shows that the decision to call for a formal vote was less an act of diplomatic calculation than a declaration of principle that revealed the limits of American influence within a shifting global order. The article situates these developments within the broader context of Cold War politics and the transformation of US ocean policy in the early 1980s.

United States, Law of the Sea, international relations, Cold War, détente, diplomacy, deep seabed mining, Third UNCLOS, Ronald Reagan