Oncogene toxicity in thyroid carcinomas and other types of tumors

Abstract

Most studies evidenced that the Ras/Raf/MEK/ERK signaling pathway promotes proliferation and malignant transformation as a result of stimulation of cell growth and division and apoptosis prevention. The PI3K/PDK/Akt signaling pathway is involved in regulation of protein synthesis and supplying cells with energy. In addition, this pathway inhibits apoptosis, promotes cancer cell survival, and is activated in many types of tumors. However, hyperactivity of these pathways in tumor tissues can lead to oncogene induced senescence(OIS), growth arrest, and apoptosis. This phenomenon was named Toxicity of Oncogenes. The review discusses the meaning and mechanisms of oncogenic toxicity in thyroid tumors and other types of cancer.