Latinskaya Amerika

Energy relations between Germany and Latin America in the 2020s are witnessing new developments amidst the prolonged energy crisis in the EU and the multifaceted improvement of the energy industry in Latin America. This study aims to identify the challenges hindering this development. The theoretical basis of this research is formed by the "complementarity" concept and the paradigm of resource nationalism in international political economy. The key finding of this research is the identification of several major factors that hinder rapid development in the energy agenda regarding the relations between Germany and Latin American countries: lack of coherence in energy policy, the interventionist policy of the United States aimed at fragmentation of the region, the value-ideological ideas of the ruling elite of Germany, promoting a radical model of energy transition, without taking into account the historical experience and specifics of energy development in Latin America. The significant outcome of the research is the enhancement of empirical basis for the "complementarity" concept in international energy relations which involve Germany.

The article considers the origins, features of evolution and the influence of Freemasonry on socio-political processes in the Eastern Republic of Uruguay. Focusing on the increased activity and seeming openness of the “brotherhood” in recent years, the author comes to the conclusion about the use of this small South American country as a convenient “platform” for practicing new working methods of Freemasonry in modern society for their possible further implementation in other states of Latin America.

The article is devoted to assessing the level of digitalization and its role in the socio-economic development of Peru since the beginning of the XXI century. For the study, 30 performance indicators were identified in three large groups: economic, social and digital. The methodology used included three key approaches: inductive-deductive analysis, correlation analysis and comparison method. The results showed that there is a stronger link between digitalization and economic development than with social development. Peru's digital adoption has accelerated due to the health crisis, particularly in internet use and access, but it still cannot compete at the regional and international levels.

The article presents an overview of the history of the formation of American Studies in France and its development as a discipline during the 19^th–20^th centuries. The emergence began with the organization of expeditions of enthusiastic naturalists. The result was the formation of a specialized scientific community, connecting people whose scientific interests are focused on South America, and organization of large ethnographic and archaeological projects.

The article analyzes the foreign trade relations of the countries and island possessions of the Caribbean Sea during the XIX century. The main export and import items, bilateral trade relations with specific countries of the world, the cost of goods, supply channels, assortment of goods, etc. are analyzed. The importance of exports of raw materials and foreign investments in local economies during the period under review is emphasized. By the end of the 19th century, the Caribbean islands occupied a certain niche in international trade due to their natural and climatic conditions. The article uses rare sources in Spanish, English, and French.

This is a continuation of the series of articles dedicated to Yevgeny Yevtushenko's big Latin American tour in 1967—1968. After Chile, Uruguay and Colombia, the poet travelled to Mexico. The Mexican part of Yevtushenko's report for the USSR Writers' Union, which we are now publishing, is an excellent source for studying the literary and political climate on the eve of the Prague events in August and the Tlatelolco massacre in October 1968, the circumstances of rapprochement between Mexico and the USSR, and the tensions between the Soviet Union and Cuba. However, it is replete with inaccuracies and omissions regarding the movements and actions of the traveller himself, so in the introduction we have focused on the reconstruction of this visit. We have been able to establish that the poet stayed in Mexico from about 8 March to 12 April. He gave two large concerts in Mexico City and several smaller ones in other cities, travelled around the country with the writer Carlos Monsivais, met with the artists David Alfaro Siqueiros and Ricardo Martínez, participated in conversations with listeners, dinner parties, communicated with President Díaz Ordaz, and even went to the Lecumberri prison to visit the journalist Victor Rico Galán.

The text contains a review of the work written by Irving Reynoso Jaime, the Mexican historian. The book is dedicated to the history of San Francisco Tetecala, a small but significant village in the history of Mexico. This work is important not only for studying the details of several hundred years of the settlement's life. First of all, it is interesting because it shows the connection of local, regional history with national historical memory.