Carbon Nanodots: Preparation, Properties, Application (A Review)

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Abstract

Carbon nanodots are a special class of nanoparticles with a size of 1 nm, consisting mainly of carbon and having pronounced fluorescent properties. They have been discovered 20 years ago, and since then have found numerous applications as fluorescent sensors, photocatalysts, fluorescent inks, etc., which has led to the rapid development of methods for their production and study. This review summarizes modern ideas about the synthesis, isolation, optical properties and application of carbon nanodots. The main directions for further research in this area are formulated.

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E. A. Karpushkin

Lomonosov Moscow State University

Author for correspondence.
Email: eukarr@gmail.com
Russian Federation, Moscow

E. S. Kharochkina

Lomonosov Moscow State University

Email: eukarr@gmail.com
Russian Federation, Moscow

L. I. Lopatina

Lomonosov Moscow State University

Email: eukarr@gmail.com
Russian Federation, Moscow

V. G. Sergeev

Lomonosov Moscow State University

Email: eukarr@gmail.com
Russian Federation, Moscow

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2. Fig. 1. Two-dimensional van Krevelen diagrams (dependence of H/C molar ratio on O/C molar ratio) for (a) 284 signals of glucose pyrolysis products, (b) 113 signals of fructose pyrolysis product, and (c) 158 signals of sucrose pyrolysis products. Reproduced from [23]

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3. Fig. 2. Emission spectra (a), fluorescence quantum yield (b) and concentration (c) of the microwave-treated citric acid product as a function of dialysis duration, as well as chromatograms of the corresponding products (d) recorded by ultraviolet absorption (UV-HPLC) and fluorescence (FL-HPLC). Reproduced from [42]

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4. Fig. 3. Electrophoretic separation of the hydrothermal treatment product of a mixture of citric acid with ethylenediamine, visualization in natural light (a) and under UV lamp illumination (b, c): chromatograms of the initial mixture with labeled bands containing different products (a, b) and of the initial mixture and isolated fractions (c). Reproduced from [47]

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5. Fig. 4. Schematic of possible mechanisms of UT fluorescence, corresponding structural fragments and absorption (1) and fluorescence excitation (2) spectra. Reproduced from [60]

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6. Fig. 5. Photographs of samples A-D (citric acid- and phenylenediamine-based UCTs) in natural (a) and UV (b) illumination, absorption (Abs) and emission (Em) spectra at different values of λex (nm) of the corresponding samples (c). Reproduced from [64]

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7. Fig. 6. Conditions for the synthesis of UTs based on citric acid and various amines; assumed structure of the molecular fluorophore responsible for UT fluorescence; appearance of samples in natural and UV illumination. Reproduced from [65]

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8. Fig. 7. Absorption (dots), excitation (dashed lines), and emission (solid lines) spectra of a suspension of a SCT sample (0.01 mg/mL); inset: (left to right) view of the sample in natural light and under irradiation with light at 340, 450, and 550 nm. Reproduced from [66]

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9. Fig. 8. Schematic of the structure of N-doped UCTs illustrating the structural types of nitrogen atoms and their relative content depending on the amount of iron (III) perchlorate during synthesis. Reproduced from [86]

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10. Fig. 9. Optical properties of UCTs based on glycolic (G-NCDs), malic (M-NCDs), and citric (C-NCDs) acids (a) and a scheme of the molecular orbital structure of these UCTs (b). Reproduced from [87]

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11. Fig. 10. Schematic of the interaction of citric acid with amine to form PT and SCT. Reproduced from [29]

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12. Fig. 11. Main reactions occurring during thermolysis of citric acid and its mixtures with various nitrogen-containing substances. Reproduced from [100]

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13. Fig. 12. Separation of citric acid and urea interaction products en masse at 230°C and appearance of the isolated fractions. Reproduced from [22]

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14. Fig. 13. Schematic of the interaction between citric acid and urea in the absence of solvent under heating. Reproduced from [22]

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