Advances in Current Biology

The mechanisms of biological rhythms in systems of varying complexity are considered. Particular attention is paid to the patterns of such oscillations in the light of a universal paradigm - the theory of oscillations and waves, where oscillatory and wave processes in systems of the most diverse physical nature can be described from a unified perspective. Population oscillations are a system of interconnected oscillators and correspond to the postulates of the theory of oscillations and waves. That is, the set of rhythms present in this biological system can serve it for adaptation to a variety of oscillatory effects of the external environment. Here, the parameters of the rhythms themselves acquire special importance. After all, they occur in the field of numerous external, also cyclical, effects. The behavior of this chronoecological system, theoretical and pragmatic consequences of its design are worthy of close study.

Using 12 STR- markers (MCM042, INRA006, MCM527, ETH152, CSRD247, OARFCB20, INRA172, INRA063, MAF065, MAF214, INRA005, INRA023), the population genetic structure of Askania Karakul sheep of the Ivanov research institute of livestock husbandry and plant growing of steppe regions "Askania- Nova", was studied. A total of 66 animals were genotyped. According to the results of microsatellite analysis of Askania Karakul sheep, it was established that the population under consideration is characterized by the absence of inbreeding F_IS = − 0.006 , polymorphism indices P = 76.26% and a sufficiently high level of genetic diversity H_E = 0.726 . The revealed intrapopulation genetic heterogeneity of Askania Karakul sheep, expressed in segmentation on embryonic clusters, is the progress of the conducted interline crossings. The obtained results can be used in the development of selection and breeding programs for breeding Askania Karakul sheep.

The results of transcriptome analysis of liver tissues of juvenile clarid catfish Clarias gariepinus to identify genes involved in acclimation to low temperatures are presented. A total of 377 differentially expressed genes involved in the activation of ubiquitin-dependent processes of protein catabolism, lipid metabolism, immune response, signaling pathways, etc. were found. It was discovered that low water temperature suppresses the basal metabolism of juvenile C. gariepinus and induces cold stress. At the same time, the adaptive potential to cold resistance is traced in the denaturation of damaged proteins, complex metabolic reconfiguration in liver tissues, and the expression of highly mobile group genes.

Specially protected natural territories of the forest-steppe zone are designed not only to preserve typical and unique ecosystems, but also to monitoring the reaction of the biota of this labile ecotone to natural and climatic changes. The parameters of fungal communities in this regard are a very sensitive indicator related, in particular, to the state of woody vegetation. However, in most cases, fungi are studied last, in the forest-steppe south of the Tyumen region, there is very little data about them. For the first time, materials were obtained on the species composition, distribution and number of macromycetes of "Salt Lake" nature monument located in the south of the forest-steppe zone of the region. There are 60 species of fungi: in meadow-steppe areas - 5, in forest plantations - 20, in natural birch forest - 42 species; among them a number of species small for the region. New methodical approaches were used. To assess the structure of mycobiota and the state of the unique landscape and climatic conditions of the lakeside forest area, a matrix analysis of the model community of aphyllophoroid fungi developing on birch wood was conducted. According to the quantitative accounting of fungi, indicator ratios of species are established on the hydrothermal gradient and the gradient of the life state of the stands. Comparatively, similar materials were used for the Betula-complex of fungi from 8 other sites of birch trees of the southern forest-steppe and in the forest-steppe zone of the region as a whole. Clustering of the state of birch forests by species lists and matrix groups of fungi was carried out.

Modern science considers lower and higher plants as stable associations with communities of microscopic fungi that are capable of synthesizing physiologically active substances. A survey of forest biocenoes plants from the Rosaceae family – cloudberries, stone berries, strawberries and raspberries – showed that the leaves and fruits have a set of 16 analyzed metabolites with the highest accumulation of diacetoxyscirpenol (1970–12800 ng/g), PR toxin (610–11300 ng/g) and background T-2 toxin (60–69 ng/g). For the remaining analytes, a wide range of quantities was found to vary – from units to thousands of ng/g; leaf petioles were distinguished by a reduced content of all components.

The article provides information on a new collection of a rare species for Siberia, Chrysomphalina chrysophylla and Calvatia gigantea, as well as species from the monitoring list of rare mushrooms of Russia Fomitopsis officinalis, Cystolepiota bucknalli, Lactarius dryadophilus and Phallus sibiricus, found in the Altai Republic and Novosibirsk Region with description of habitats, substrates, hosts or symbionts, abundance of fruiting bodies, area where fruiting bodies developed, degree of community disturbance in the species' localities. The unusual abbreviated morphology of the finding of Chrysomphalina chrysophylla was described in detail, and identification was confirmed by the sequence of ITS nrDNA region and NCBI BLAST search.

This review aims to evaluate the current state of knowledge regarding the mycobiota of English oak, focusing on biodiversity conservation, ecological and trophic aspects of fungi-plant interactions, forest phytopathology, and biotechnology. It also seeks to identify potential research opportunities for studying this vital tree species in European Russia. A retrospective examination of the fungal and oomycete biodiversity associated with English oak has been conducted, addressing the trophic classification challenges of these organisms. A comprehensive framework for assessing the trophic status of fungi is proposed, incorporating multiple criteria: 1) nutritional type (e.g., biotrophs, necrotrophs, saprotrophs, and hybrid categories such as “necrotrophs with residual saprotrophic activity” and “saprotrophs with necrotrophic activity”); 2) tissue specificity (including bark, cambium, sapwood with functional xylem, heartwood with non-functional xylem, wood detritus, and sclerenchyma in fruits and leaves); and 3) impact on living plants or mortality dynamics (e.g., pathogens or detrital saprobes). The review o¯ers detailed data on the distribution of fungi and oomycetes across di¯erent ecological macroniches. These include the phyllosphere (30 species), terminal shoots (26 species), trunks and skeletal branches undergoing senescence (475 species), wounds on living trees (230 species), litter (62 species), rhizosphere and mycorrhizosphere (47 + 137 species), and oak seedlings (83 species). Additionally, key diseases a¯ecting English oak and corresponding pathogen management strategies are discussed. The article examines studies focused on assessing oak stand conditions and developing forest scaling systems. It also highlights biotechnological and pharmacological research dedicated to specific fungal species associated with English oak. Finally, promising avenues for further investigation into the mycobiota of English oak are outlined.

The article summarizes the data on the study of aphyllophoroid fungi in protected areas (PAs) of the Murmansk Region. Mycological studies were carried out on 25 out of 75 existing ones, which is less than half of the PAs. Analysis of the current state of mycological study shows that this group of living organisms in the region has been studied extremely fragmentarily. The most thoroughly studied territories are the Pasvik, Laplandsky and Kandalakshsky State Nature Reserves (Zapovednik) and the Kutsa Sanctuary (Zakaznik). It is here that the main known diversity of aphyllophoroid fungi in the region is concentrated. The leading prospect tasks for the coming years are to continue the inventory of large PAs located in the central and southern parts of the Murmansk region, which are characterized by a high diversity of habitats and preserved intact forests, and an inventory of the mycobiota of natural monuments in the region.