BCG, muramylpeptides, trained immunity (part II): a low molecular weight alternative to multicomponent bacterial immunostimulants for prevention of respiratory infections during a pandemic
- 作者: Kalyuzhin O.1, Andronova T.2, Karaulov A.1
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隶属关系:
- Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University)
- Peptek
- 期: 卷 93, 编号 1 (2021)
- 页面: 108-113
- 栏目: Reviews
- URL: https://journals.rcsi.science/0040-3660/article/view/61913
- DOI: https://doi.org/10.26442/00403660.2021.01.200554
- ID: 61913
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During a pandemic, nonspecific immunoprophylaxis of SARS-CoV-2 infection and other acute respiratory infections (ARI), which can worsen the course of COVID-19, is increasingly in demand in addition to specific immunization. BCG vaccine appears to be one of the candidate immunostimulants in this regard. At the same time, other microbe-derived preparations capable of inducing a state of trained immunity deserve attention. BCG and other bacterial immunostimulatory agents containing a large number of biologically active subunits have long been considered as objects of search for promising pharmacological substances. The review analyzes the linkages between BCG, mycobacterial adjuvants, bacterial lysates, trained immunity, muramylpeptides (MPs) and NOD2 receptors in light of the choice of a low molecular weight alternative to multicomponent bacterial immunostimulants for ARI prevention during the COVID-19 pandemic. The search for key molecules by which bacteria stimulate innate and adaptive immune responses proceeds in a spiral. On different loops of this spiral, MPs have repeatedly reproduced the nonspecific effects of multicomponent bacterial adjuvants, vaccines and immunostimulants. MPs and peptidoglycans containing MPs determine the adjuvant properties of the cell walls of mycobacteria and their peptide-glycolipid fraction (wax D). MPs were able to replace Mycobacterium tuberculosis in complete Freund’s adjuvant. MPs determine the NOD2-dependent ability of BCG to induce trained immunity. Probably, MPs provide NOD2-mediated long-term prophylactic action of bacterial lysates. All of the above has prompted revisiting the previously obtained evidence of the efficacy of glucosaminylmuramyl dipeptide (GMDP) as a NOD2 agonist in treatment/prevention of respiratory infections. We speculate here that MPs, in particular GMDP, at rational dosing regimens will be able to reproduce many aspects of the nonspecific effects of BCG and multicomponent bacterial immunostimulants in preventing ARI during the COVID-19 pandemic and in the post-pandemic period.
作者简介
Oleg Kalyuzhin
Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University)
编辑信件的主要联系方式.
Email: kalyuzhin@list.ru
ORCID iD: 0000-0003-3628-2436
д.м.н., проф., проф. каф. клинической иммунологии и аллергологии Института клинической медицины им. Н.В. Склифосовского ФГАОУ ВО «Первый МГМУ им. И.М. Сеченова» (Сеченовский Университет)
俄罗斯联邦, 8-2, Trubetskaya street, Moscow, 119992Tatiana Andronova
Peptek
Email: kalyuzhin@list.ru
ORCID iD: 0000-0001-6166-8635
к.х.н., президент АО «Пептек»
俄罗斯联邦, MoscowAlexander Karaulov
Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University)
Email: kalyuzhin@list.ru
ORCID iD: 0000-0002-1930-5424
акад. РАН, д.м.н., проф., зав. каф. клинической иммунологии и аллергологии Института клинической медицины им. Н.В. Склифосовского ФГАОУ ВО «Первый МГМУ им. И.М. Сеченова» (Сеченовский Университет)
俄罗斯联邦, 8-2, Trubetskaya street, Moscow, 119992参考
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