Vol 59, No 3 (2025)

The system analysis of scientifically substantiated ways of increasing resource efficiency in the conditions of ensuring technological sovereignty of the mineral fertilizer industry is carried out. The organizational structure of the industry production is briefly described, and the directions of its import-independence are formulated. Possible ways, measures and directions to improve the resource efficiency of chemical-technological processes and chemical-technological systems of nitrogen industry, sulfuric acid and nitric acid production, production of extraction phosphoric acid and various types of fertilizers are described. The role of automation of chemical-technological processes and the use of big data in ensuring energy and resource saving is substantiated. Bottlenecks in the technology of mineral fertilizers are revealed. It is emphasized that technological sovereignty of mineral fertilizers industry will ensure import independence and technological leadership in related industries.

The ultimate possibilities of the process of rectification separation of multicomponent mixtures depend on the features of the structure of the liquid-vapor equilibrium diagram, in particular, on the presence of internal separating surfaces on the diagram. In the present work, the regularities of structure formation of separatrix surfaces of maximum dimensionality for systems of different chemical nature are investigated. For systems with homonymous deviations, when azeotropes relative to constituents of the same constituent are nodal points, we propose an approach to determine the number of saddle-shaped azeotropes of the first and (n-2) order and, respectively, the number of internal separatrix manifolds. The proposed approach is illustrated and confirmed on the example of model systems and industrial mixtures. The expediency of using one of the types of separation (first, second, intermediate) depending on the number and structure of internal separatrix surfaces is shown. The research presented in the article is directed to the development of the fundamental theory of thermodynamics of heterogeneous systems in the part of investigation of the structures of phase diagrams and mechanisms of their formation using thermodynamic and topological analysis within the framework of the general concept of the scientific school of Dr. Leonid Antonovich Serafimov, Professor.

The paper presents new details of the algorithm and results of calculation of heat and mass transfer of water with air in a conical atomizing apparatus taking into account the early crisis of droplet resistance and the accompanying crisis of heat and mass transfer. The basis of the used mathematical model is non-stationary differential equations of compressible medium flow, supplemented by equations of heat and mass transfer from droplets to gas. In the difference analogs of the continuity and phase motion equations, the well-known explicit Lax-Vendroff scheme is used. The calculated distributions of velocities, phase temperatures, gas pressure, densities of water vapor in air and saturated vapor above the droplet surface in a two-phase flow are presented. In the calculations, in particular, the dependences of the average gas and liquid temperatures in the outlet section of the apparatus and the gas flow rate through it on the gas pressure drop, as well as the liquid temperature on the height of the apparatus are established.

Liquid-liquid phase equilibria in systems containing ethanol, benzene and deep eutectic solvents have been investigated. Deep eutectic solvents based on choline chloride combined with malonic acid, urea and glycerol were studied. Experiments were carried out at a temperature of 293.15 K and atmospheric pressure. The compositions of equilibrium liquid phases were determined by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Distribution coefficients of ethanol and benzene, as well as selectivity of deep eutectic solvents were calculated, on the basis of which their extraction ability was compared. The results obtained have implications for the development of processes for the extraction separation of ethanol and benzene mixtures.

The work is aimed at intensification of the rectification process on the example of the study of binary mixture ethanol-water and multicomponent medium (alcohol condensate). The results of experimental studies of rectification at condensation of vapors on the plate surface, as well as on horizontally and vertically installed pipes are presented. It is shown that the efficiency of consolidation and separation of vapor mixture depends on the ratio of liquid and vapor streams, specific heat flux, temperature of the heat transfer surface and on the way of condensate film formation. The value of the temperature difference between the heat transfer medium supplied to the heat exchange surface and the condensing vapors, as well as the specific heat flux released by the condensing vapors, at which the greatest strengthening is achieved, has been established. The process of heat removal during boiling of flowing water film over the heat transfer surface, which provided a relatively low temperature difference during rectification, was realized, and heat transfer coefficients were calculated. The results of separation of multicomponent medium by partial condensation are presented, and the factors influencing the separation efficiency are established. According to the results of researches the deflegmator of the nozzle column has been approved, which allowed to obtain rectified alcohol with ethanol losses less than 1% wt.%.