Ultrasound Assistant Deep-Eutectic-Solvent-Based Liquid–Liquid Microextraction for the Determination of Transesterification Catalyst in Biodiesel Samples

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Abstract

Hydroxides of alkali and alkaline earth metals are most widely used as catalysts for transesterification of triglycerides of fatty acids in biodiesel production. After biodiesel purification, the determination of catalyst residue is performed to prevent their excess accumulation. Catalysts can promote the degradation of biodiesel. In this research, a simple, fast, and environmentally friendly strategy for the sensitive determination of transesterification catalysts (sodium, potassium, calcium, and magnesium) in biodiesel samples by flame atomization atomic absorption spectrometry is developed. The developed procedure is based on ultrasound assistant dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction of the catalysts in a hydrophilic deep eutectic solvent prepared by mixing quaternary ammonium salt and carboxylic acid. The effect of the nature of the deep eutectic solvent on the mass transfer of catalysts is investigated; in addition, the microextraction procedure conditions are optimized to obtain high sensitivity. The limits of detection established for the proposed procedure are 0.03 mg kg–1 for all analytes. No hazardous and volatile organic solvents are required for sample pretreatment. Sample preparation time is less 15 min.

About the authors

A. Yu. Shishov

Department of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, St. Petersburg University, St. Petersburg State University, SPbSU, SPbU

Email: andrey.shishov.rus@gmail.com
199034, St. Petersburg, Russia

U. O. Markova

Department of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, St. Petersburg University, St. Petersburg State University, SPbSU, SPbU

Email: andrey.shishov.rus@gmail.com
199034, St. Petersburg, Russia

E. R. Nizov

Department of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, St. Petersburg University, St. Petersburg State University, SPbSU, SPbU

Email: andrey.shishov.rus@gmail.com
199034, St. Petersburg, Russia

M. A. Melesova

Department of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, St. Petersburg University, St. Petersburg State University, SPbSU, SPbU

Email: andrey.shishov.rus@gmail.com
199034, St. Petersburg, Russia

D. A. Meshcheva

Department of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, St. Petersburg University, St. Petersburg State University, SPbSU, SPbU

Email: andrey.shishov.rus@gmail.com
199034, St. Petersburg, Russia

F. M. Krekhova

Department of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, St. Petersburg University, St. Petersburg State University, SPbSU, SPbU

Email: andrey.shishov.rus@gmail.com
199034, St. Petersburg, Russia

A. V. Bulatov

Department of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, St. Petersburg University, St. Petersburg State University, SPbSU, SPbU

Author for correspondence.
Email: andrey.shishov.rus@gmail.com
199034, St. Petersburg, Russia

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Copyright (c) 2023 А.Ю. Шишов, У.О. Маркова, Е.Р. Низов, М.А. Мелесова, Д.А. Мещева, Ф.М. Крехова, А.В. Булатов

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