Synhospitality of eriophyoid mites (Acariformes, Eriophyoidea): taxonomic analysis of gall-forming mite species complexes on boreal woody dicotyledons

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Microscopic mites of the Eriophyoidea superfamily are characterized by an ability to cause the growth of galls on plants. Synhospital complexes of gall-forming Eriophyoidea (SCGE) species are formed by several species of gall mites coexisting on the same host plant. To assess the phenomenon of synhospitality, we investigated the features of the taxonomic composition and diversity of galls formed by eriophyoid mites on boreal woody dicotyledons and carried out a statistical analysis of the host relationships of different gall mite genera from the Eriophyidae family. We found out that phylogenetically closely related hosts within biogeographically integral territories possess the similar SCGE. During colonization of plants, gall mites demonstrate a high ability to cryptic speciation, which leads to genesis of morphologically similar mite species that cause the formation of different types of galls. Host preferences of gall mites belonging to the different supergenera groups play an important role in the formation of the SCGE, which determines the differences in mite taxa spectra associated with hosts from different families. In general, the results of the work demonstrate that the synhospitality of Eriophyoidea is not a random process, but is the result of a long-term coadaptation in the “parasite–host” system. This is one of the phenomena reflecting the stages of the global historical process of the colonization of Embriophyta plants by mites of the Eriophyoidea superfamily.

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作者简介

S. Sukhareva

Санкт-Петербургский государственный университет

Email: pchetverikov@zin.ru
俄罗斯联邦, Университетская наб., 7‒9, С.-Петербург, 199034

D. Aristov

Зоологический институт РАН

Email: pchetverikov@zin.ru
俄罗斯联邦, Университетская наб., 1, С.-Петербург, 199034

V. Gankevich

Зоологический институт РАН

Email: pchetverikov@zin.ru
俄罗斯联邦, Университетская наб., 1, С.-Петербург, 199034

A. Desnitskiy

Санкт-Петербургский государственный университет

Email: pchetverikov@zin.ru
俄罗斯联邦, Университетская наб., 7‒9, С.-Петербург, 199034

S. Ozman-Sullivan

Ондокуз Майис Университет

Email: pchetverikov@zin.ru
土耳其, Самсун, 55139

P. Chetverikov

Зоологический институт РАН

编辑信件的主要联系方式.
Email: pchetverikov@zin.ru
俄罗斯联邦, Университетская наб., 1, С.-Петербург, 199034

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2. Figure 1. Equally- (a, c) and differently-annulated (b, d) forms of gall mites of the family Eriophyidae, differing in the annulation of the opisthosome and the direction of the scapular bristles. a – Aceria tulipae K. (tribe Aceriini), b – Aculus rhamnivagrans (K.) (tribe Anthocoptini), c – Eriophyes breechii K. (tribe Eriophyini), d – Phyllocoptes adalius K. (tribe Phyllocoptini). Notations: VC – ventral rings of opisthosoma, GN – gnatosoma (mouth parts), DC – dorsal rings of opisthosoma, DS - dorsal shield, sc – scapular seta.

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3. Figure 2. Galls of the eriophyoid mites of the genera Eriophyes (a, g, d, e, z) and Acalitus (b, c, g) on Betula pendula birch (a–g), the black alder Alnus glutinosa (d) and the gray alder A. incana (e–z): corner galls (a, e, g), felts (b, c, h) and plaque-like galls (g, i). Photo – P.E. Chetverikov.

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4. Figure 3. Diversity of galls of eriophioid mites on boreal woody dicotyledons. a – twisting of the leaf edge on the pear Pyrus ussuriensis caused by the mite Phyllocoptes sp. (Tyumen), b – bud gall of the mite Acalitus calicophtyrus on the birch Betula pendula (Petrozavodsk), c – bud gall of the mite Phytoptus avellanae on the hazel Corylus avellana (Kaliningrad), d – aspen shoot Populus tremula, damaged by the mite Aceria sp. (Leningrad Province), d and e – felt of the mites Eriophyes exilis (d) and E. leiosoma (e) on the leaves of the linden Tilia cordata (Kaliningrad), w – convex felts of the mite Phytoptus tetratrichus on the linden T. tomentosa (Belgrade, Serbia), z – bark galls of the mite Aceria heteronyx on the maple Acer platanoides, i – parenchymatous galls of the mite Eriophyes sorbi on the mountain ash Sorbus torminalis (Teberdinsky Reserve), k – parenchymatous galls of the E. sorbi mite on the mountain ash S. aucuparia (Tyumen), l – horn-shaped galls of the Eriophyes tiliae mite on the leaves of the linden T. cordata (Kaliningrad). Photo – P.E. Chetverikov.

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5. Figure 4. Visualization of the results of host-parasite relations statistical analysis of in gall mites from the family Eriophyidae (multidimensional scaling, minimal distortion of visualization relative to the original distance matrix, Stress = 0.103). The position of the genera of gall mites is marked with black circles. The diameter of the circle reflects the number of host plant families with which mites of this genus are associated. Two plumes are shown by green (W1) and gray (W2) gradients.

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