Biosilica of diatom algae: synthesis, characteristics, modification and application in practical research

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Abstract

The review presents the key results of the study of biosilica obtained from diatoms and its application in various fields of science and technology. The purpose of this review is to systematize data on the properties, modification methods and areas of application of this material. The data on the properties of biosilica are summarized and the main modification methods are considered, which can significantly expand the range of functional characteristics of this material. Particular attention is paid to the use of unmodified and modified biosilica in biomedicine as nanocouriers of drugs, materials for tissue regeneration, treatment of infected wounds, as well as biosensors and matrices for SERS analysis. Data on its effectiveness in environmental studies, such as wastewater treatment from heavy metals, organic dyes and phenols, are presented. New promising areas of application of biosilica are separately considered, including its use in energy, chromatographic analysis and other innovative areas. The review summarizes modern data and emphasizes the importance of developing new modification methods to expand the functionality of this unique material.

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About the authors

A. I. Golubeva

K.A. Timiryazev Institute of Plant Physiology, Russian Academy of Sciences

Author for correspondence.
Email: aleksandra.golubeva.phd@gmail.com
Russian Federation, Moscow, 127276

M. S. Kulikovsky

K.A. Timiryazev Institute of Plant Physiology, Russian Academy of Sciences

Email: aleksandra.golubeva.phd@gmail.com
Russian Federation, Moscow, 127276

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2. Fig. 1. Diversity of diatom morphology: Nitzschia portulata Lange-Bertalot & Kulikovskiy (a); Sellaphora amicula Kulikovskiy, Metzeltin & Lange-Bertalot (b); Caloneis tarag Kulikovskiy, Lange-Bertalot & Metzeltin (c); Skabitschewskia ruppeliana Kuliskovskiy & Lange-Bertalot (d); Campylodiscus fragilis Skvortsov (d); Amphorotia skabitschewskyi Glushchenko & Kulikovskiy (e).

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3. Fig. 2. Schematic structure of the valve of centric (a) and pennate (b) diatoms (based on materials from Hildebrand, Lerch, 2015).

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4. Fig. 3. Proposed mechanism of intracellular transport of cell wall-associated proteins (a); during biosilica formation inside silicon deposition vesicles (b) (SDV – silicon deposition vesicles, STV – SDV transport vesicles, SV – secretory vesicles, ER – endoplasmic reticulum; modified from Poulsen et al., 2013); and silica uptake from the external environment and its subsequent intracellular transport (c) (SITs – specific silicic acid transport protein, SSPs – internal silicon storage reservoirs, STV – silicon transport vesicles; modified from Kolbe, Brunner, 2022).

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5. Fig. 4. Possible mechanism of metabolic incorporation of Ge (or Ti) metals into silica frustules of diatoms in vivo (based on materials from Rorrer, 2017).

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6. Fig. 5. Fixation of nanoparticles on the surface of a biosilica shell: layer-by-layer deposition (a) and covalent bonding (b) (based on materials from Jantschke et al., 2012). Copyright © 2012 Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co., KGaA.

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