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卷 53, 编号 4 (2017)

Reviews

Neuroglobin, an oxygen-binding protein in the mammalian nervous system (localization and putative functions)

Alekseeva O., Grigor’ev I., Korzhevskii D.

摘要

The review summarizes current data on neuroglobin, the heme-containing protein discovered in mammalian nerve cells in 2000. It presents general characteristics of neuroglobin as well as data on its evolutionary changes and expression across different taxa. Neuroglobin distribution in specific brain structures and outside the brain is described. The issue of the occurrence of neuroglobin not only in neurons but also in astroglial cells is discussed. Subcellular localization of neuroglobin is characterized with a special focus on its detection in the nucleus of nerve cells, suggesting its involvement in nuclear functions. Current ideas on the probable functional significance of neuroglobin are reported. Neuroglobin is presumed to be involved in metabolism of reactive nitrogen and oxygen species as well as in intracellular signaling pathways. Besides, neuroglobin has neuroprotective and antiapoptotic functions. Since its expression changes during ontogenesis, its neuroprotective role in ageing is specifically highlighted. Changes in expression and localization of neuroglobin are suggested to influence the adaptive potential of an organism.

Journal of Evolutionary Biochemistry and Physiology. 2017;53(4):249-258
pages 249-258 views

Protein phosphotyrosine phosphatase 1B: Structure, function, role in the development of metabolic disorders and their correction by the enzyme inhibitors

Sorokoumov V., Shpakov A.

摘要

Protein phosphotyrosine phosphatase 1B (PPTP1B) dephosphorylates receptor and nonreceptor forms of tyrosine kinases, causing the inhibition of their activity and thus regulating appropriate signaling cascades. Increased PPTP1B activity leads to insulin and leptin resistance, being among the causes of type 2 diabetes mellitus and many other metabolic and functional disorders. Selective PPTP1B inhibitors normalize functions of insulin, leptin and some other systems comprising different forms of tyrosine kinases as signaling components, and their development is a promising approach to treat and prevent metabolic disorders. Currently, an active search is in progress for “binary” PPTP1B inhibitors able to interact simultaneously with the catalytic and allosteric sites of the enzyme, providing thereby high efficiency and selectivity of their action. This review focuses on the status quo of the problem of studying the structure, functions and regulatory properties of PPTP1B, its role in the development of metabolic disorders, as well as on recent advances in designing selective PPTP1B inhibitors.

Journal of Evolutionary Biochemistry and Physiology. 2017;53(4):259-270
pages 259-270 views

Comparative and Ontogenic Biochemistry

Comparative analysis of esterase and paraoxonase activities of different serum albumin species

Goncharov N., Terpilovskii M., Shmurak V., Belinskaya D., Avdonin P.

摘要

Enzymatic activities of three types of serum albumin—rat, bovine and human—were analyzed comparatively using a mathematical model. Kinetic and equilibrium constants of carboxylesterase and paraoxonase activities of albumin in Sudlow’s sites I and II were determined. The effects of specific ligands, ibuprofen and warfarin, on enzyme kinetics in these sites were studied. Ibuprofen was found to have an inhibitory effect both on carboxylesterase and paraoxonase albumin activities, whereas warfarin specifically inhibited only carboxylesterase albumin activity.

Journal of Evolutionary Biochemistry and Physiology. 2017;53(4):271-281
pages 271-281 views

Antioxidant defense system in tissues of semiaquatic mammals

Il’ina T., Ilyukha V., Baishnikova I., Belkin V., Sergina S., Antonova E.

摘要

Activity of antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase and catalase) and low molecular weight antioxidants (tocopherol and retinol) was studied in tissues of 8 semiaquatic mammalian species. In animals from different taxa, the enhancement of antioxidant defense can be achieved either by increased enzymatic activity of tissues or elevated concentration of low molecular weight antioxidants. The level of enzymatic and nonenzymatic (low molecular weight) antioxidants, determined in tissues and organs of diving mammals, is likely to be considered as an integral complex, which has evolved to ensure the greatest efficiency of metabolic systems during adaptation to species-specific habitats.

Journal of Evolutionary Biochemistry and Physiology. 2017;53(4):282-288
pages 282-288 views

Glutathione antioxidant complex and carotenoid composition in tissues of the bivalve mollusk Anadara kagoshimensis (Tokunaga, 1906)

Soldatov A., Gostyukhina O., Borodina A., Golovina I.

摘要

The correlation of the state of glutathione complex composed of reduced glutathione (GSH), glutathione reductase (GR) activity and glutathione peroxidase (GP) and the qualitative composition of carotenoids was investigated in the bivalve mollusk Anadara kagoshimensis (Tokunaga, 1906). Using high-performance liquid chromatography, UV-Vis and mass spectra, 7 types of carotenoids (trans- and cis-pectenolon, alloxanthine, pectenol A, β-carotene, zeaxanthin and diatoxanthin) were identified in tissues of this species and their quantitative ratio was determined. A positive correlation (R2 > 0.9) was established between GSH and most carotenoid levels. A negative correlation was found for the GR–carotenoids (R2 > 0.75) and GP–pectenol A (R2 > 0.988) systems. The cause-and-effect relations of these regularities are discussed.

Journal of Evolutionary Biochemistry and Physiology. 2017;53(4):289-297
pages 289-297 views

The role of interspecies differences in the ratio of choline-containing phospholipid fractions of rodent erythrocytes in response of these cells to the effect of membranotropic compounds

Shevchenko O., Plyusnina S.

摘要

In in vitro experiments, interspecies differences were revealed in the erythrocyte responses in varied rodent species—laboratory mice (Mus musculus L.), tundra voles (Microtus oeconomus Pall.) and bank voles (Myodes glareolus Pall.)—to the effect of chemical agents able to interact with membrane lipids and disrupt the membrane structure (detergent Triton X-100, oxidative stress inductor AAPH, antioxidant ionol or BHT, uranyl ion). It was hypothesized that these differences are due to physicochemical peculiarities of the erythrocyte membrane structure, specifically, the ratio of choline-containing fractions of phospholipids (phosphatidylcholine and sphingomyelin). The use of blood erythrocytes as an in vitro experimental model to study the mechanisms of toxicity as well as antioxidant and membrane-protective properties of compounds of different nature was shown to imply the choice of an adequate source of erythrocytes in view of considerable speciesdependent structural specificity of the lipid component of mammalian erythrocyte membranes.

Journal of Evolutionary Biochemistry and Physiology. 2017;53(4):298-307
pages 298-307 views

Comparative and Ontogenic Physiology

Characterization of spontaneous electrical activity of the urinary tract: Ureter, bladder, urethra

Kazaryan K., Chibukhchyan R., Margaryan S.

摘要

The study aimed to characterize spontaneous electrical activity of the ureter, urinary bladder and urethra as well as their interrelationship. The basic parameters of pacemaker activity (amplitude, frequency, peak rise rate, peak rise time, peak half-width) were comparatively analyzed in each of the active areas. Out of the three areas compared, the ureteral rhythmogenic zone displayed the maximum amplitude and apex formation rate. Under conditions of urine influx from the ureter into the bladder and isolation of these organs from the urethra, the amplitude and peak rise rate in the latter decreased by almost 20%. At the same time, all the parameters of the ureter and bladder remained intact. Complete block of urine influx into the bladder by transecting the ureter at the appropriate area led to a slight decrease in the amplitude of action potentials, peak rise rate and rhythmogenicity frequency in the bladder, respectively, by 14.2, 12.5 and 16% at the constancy of other parameters of its activity. Subsequent isolation of the bladder from the urethra had no appreciable effect on the altered parameters of the former. The similar tendency towards a reduction of the parameters was observed under the same conditions in the urethra. Thus, a relationship was revealed between autonomous activities of the ureter, bladder and urethra. The regulatory role in this process is provided by the urine flow through these organs.

Journal of Evolutionary Biochemistry and Physiology. 2017;53(4):308-316
pages 308-316 views

Palatability of stereoisomers and other amino acid derivatives to fish

Kasumyan A., Mikhailova E.

摘要

Using a behavioral approach, it was shown that stereoisomers and other derivatives of amino acids (Ala, Glu, Gln; 0.1–0.01 М) have different palatability to fish (three-spined stickleback Gasterosteus aculeatus). The palatability of L-α-Ala is higher than of D-α-Ala or L-β-Ala, however, L-Glu and D-Glu equally increase the uptake of agar-agar pellets. L-Glu-Na has no stimulatory effect, probably, due to carnivorous feeding type in the three-spined stickleback. Palatabilities of L-Gln and L-Gln-HCl differ considerably. It is assumed that the influence of the configuration and structure of molecules on the palatability of amino acids to fish, as well as their taste preferences, are species-specific. The diversity of taste properties not only of L-, but also D-isomers of amino acids may matter in choosing adequate food objects in fish. Fish feeding behavior during oral sensory testing of artificial pellets, containing amino acids or their derivatives, obeys two alternative stereotypes, differing in the number of repeated manipulations with pellets and duration of the pellet retention time.

Journal of Evolutionary Biochemistry and Physiology. 2017;53(4):317-323
pages 317-323 views

Physiological response in the even-toothed shrew Sorex isodon to fasting and refeeding

Kiselev S.

摘要

The red-toothed shrews (genus Sorex) are one of the smallest mammals. The amount of food they consume a day exceeds their own weight, and without food they can survive for only few hours. Representatives of this genus have extremely high metabolic rates. This study addressed the effect of 8-h fasting and 13-h refeeding on the body weight, blood glucose level, liver glycogen and lipid levels, and relative weight of inguinal and interscapular adipose tissues in the even-toothed shrews (S. isodon). Fasting led to a decrease in the body weight, blood glucose and liver glycogen levels. The relative weight of adipose tissue also decreased, while the liver lipid level increased significantly. After refeeding, blood glucose and liver glycogen levels were considerably higher than in control, while other parameters remained almost the same as in control. Physiological response to fasting develops in S. isodon quite rapidly, promoted by the high metabolic rate.

Journal of Evolutionary Biochemistry and Physiology. 2017;53(4):324-330
pages 324-330 views

Comparative analysis of morphofunctional features of cortical neurons in ground squirrels and guinea pigs under hypothermia

Mednikova Y., Zakharova N., Pasikova N., Voronkov D.

摘要

Activity of sensorimotor cortical neurons in the ground squirrel was studied on slices under cooling the incubation medium from 32–34 to 21–26°С. Hypothermia evoked spontaneous firing activity in “silent” neurons and a slight decrease in firing in high-frequency neurons. Changes in the firing rate arose below 27°С and were accompanied by a fall in the spike amplitude. The intensity of hypothermic and post-hypothermic changes in ground squirrels was lower than in guinea pig sensorimotor cortical neurons recorded under the same conditions. In ground squirrels, most hypothermia-resistant were high-frequency (more than 8 spikes/s) neurons, which accounted for 45% of the recorded, while in guinea pigs high-frequency neurons occurred only in 15% of records. By the diameter of cell bodies, the population of sensorimotor cortical neurons was more homogeneous in ground squirrels than in guinea pigs. It is suggested that specific hypothermic changes in sensorimotor cortical neurons of ground squirrels relate to a lower density of K+ channels in their plasma membranes, because in the mammalian nervous system the latter open below 27°С due to thermal limitations of the M-cholinergic reaction which blocks these channels.

Journal of Evolutionary Biochemistry and Physiology. 2017;53(4):331-339
pages 331-339 views

Short Communications

Distribution of polyglutamine proteins in Purkinje cells of the human and rat cerebellum

Gilerovich E., Grigorev I., Alekseeva O., Kirik O., Korzhevskii D.
Journal of Evolutionary Biochemistry and Physiology. 2017;53(4):340-342
pages 340-342 views

A comparative study of potassium ion transport in liver mitochondria of laboratory rats, pigeons (Columba livia) and guineafowl (Numida meleagris)

Dubinin M., Vedernikov A., Khoroshavina E., Smirnova A., Samartsev V.
Journal of Evolutionary Biochemistry and Physiology. 2017;53(4):343-345
pages 343-345 views

Interpopulation variation in the response of male European corn borers Ostrinia nubilalis Hbn. (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) to pheromone blends: an EAG study

Zhukovskaya M., Selitskaya O., Shchenikova A., Grushevaya I., Malysh Y., Berim M., Frolov A., Trepashko L.
Journal of Evolutionary Biochemistry and Physiology. 2017;53(4):346-348
pages 346-348 views