Том 105, № 2 (2017)

A constant (spacetime-independent) q-field may play a crucial role for the cancellation of Planck-scale contributions to the gravitating vacuum energy density. We now show that a small spacetime-dependent perturbation of the equilibrium q-field behaves gravitationally as a pressureless perfect fluid. This makes the fluctuating part of the q-field a candidate for the inferred dark-matter component of the present universe. For a Planck-scale oscillation frequency of the q-field perturbation, the implication would be that direct searches for dark-matter particles would remain unsuccessful in the foreseeable future.

We give a qualitative conceptual explanation of the Fermi–Pasta–Ulam (FPU) like recurrence in the onedimensional focusing nonlinear Schrodinger equation (NLSE). The recurrence can be considered as a result of the nonlinear development of the modulation instability. All known exact localized solitary wave solutions describing propagation on the background of the modulationally unstable condensate show the recurrence to the condensate state after its interaction with solitons. The condensate state locally recovers its original form with the same amplitude but a different phase after soliton leave its initial region. Based on the integrability of the NLSE, we demonstrate that the FPU recurrence takes place not only for condensate, but also for a more general solution in the form of the cnoidal wave. This solution is periodic in space and can be represented as a solitonic lattice. That lattice reduces to isolated soliton solution in the limit of large distance between solitons. The lattice transforms into the condensate in the opposite limit of dense soliton packing. The cnoidal wave is also modulationally unstable due to soliton overlapping. The recurrence happens at the nonlinear stage of the modulation instability. Due to generic nature of the underlying mathematical model, the proposed concept can be applied across disciplines and nonlinear systems, ranging from optical communications to hydrodynamics.

The structure and electronic properties of the WS₂/SiC van der Waals (vdW) heterostructures under the influence of normal strain and an external electric field have been investigated by the ab initio method. Our results reveal that the compressive strain has much influence on the band gap of the vdW heterostructures and the band gap monotonically increases from 1.330 to 1.629 eV. The results also imply that electrons are likely to transfer from WS₂ to SiC monolayer due to the deeper potential of SiC monolayer. Interestingly, by applying a vertical external electric field, the results present a parabola-like relationship between the band gap and the strength. As the E-field changes from to −0.50 +0.20 V/Å, the band gap first increases from zero to a maximum of about 1.90 eV and then decreases to zero. The significant variations of band gap are owing to different states of W, S, Si, and C atoms in conduction band and valence band. The predicted electric field tunable band gap of the WS₂/SiC vdW heterostructures is very promising for its potential use in nanodevices.

We propose a novel approach for spectroscopic characterization of quantum systems. A superconducting quantum system—an artificial atom—is coupled asymmetrically to two open-end transmission lines (1D half-spaces). The lines themselves are strongly decoupled from each other. This results in suppression of the direct microwave propagation from one side to another. The atom, excited from the weaker coupled side relaxes with photon emission preferably to the stronger coupled side. By measuring the emission spectrum, we reconstruct the energy levels of the artificial atom. Our method allows to reject the excitation tone and to detect only the elastically scattered emission corresponding to intra-atomic transitions. We also demonstrate visualization of the higher-level transitions by populating the excited levels. Such a system does not have an optical analog with natural atoms or quantum dots coupled to two half spaces.

Magnetic flux structure on the surface of EuFe₂(As_1-xP_x)₂ single crystals with nearly optimal phosphorus doping levels x = 0.20 and x = 0.21 is studied by low-temperature magnetic force microscopy and decoration with ferromagnetic nanoparticles. The studies are performed in a broad temperature range. It is shown that the single crystal with x = 0.21 in the temperature range between the critical temperatures T_SC= 22 K and T_C = (18 ± 0.3) K of the superconducting and ferromagnetic phase transitions, respectively, has the vortex structure of a frozen magnetic flux, typical for type-II superconductors. The magnetic domain structure is observed in the superconducting state below T_C. The nature of this structure is discussed.

In the case of using the higher derivative regularization, we construct the subtraction scheme that gives the NSVZ-like relation for the anomalous dimension of the photino mass in softly broken N = 1 SQED with N_f flavors in all loops. The corresponding renormalization prescription is determined by simple boundary conditions imposed on the renormalization constants. It allows fixing an arbitrariness of choosing finite counterterms in every order of the perturbation theory in such a way that the renormalization group functions defined in terms of the renormalized coupling constant satisfy the NSVZ-like relation.

We study quantum effects of strong driving field applied to dissipative hybrid qubit-cavity system which are relevant for a realization of quantum gates in superconducting quantum metamaterials. We demonstrate that effects of strong and non-stationary drivings have significantly quantum nature and cannot be treated by means of mean-field approximation. This is shown from a comparison of steady state solution of the standard Maxwell–Bloch equations and numerical solution of Lindblad equation on a density matrix. We show that mean-field approach provides very good agreement with the density matrix solution at not very strong drivings f < f* but at f > f* a growing value of quantum correlations between fluctuations in qubit and photon sectors changes a behavior of the system. We show that in regime of non-adiabatic switching on of the driving such a quantum correlations influence a dynamics of qubit and photons even at weak f.

Experimental conditions under which the low-threshold absolute parametric decay instability of an electromagnetic wave with extraordinary polarization at the electron cyclotron resonance heating of a plasma at the second harmonic resonance in toroidal devices are analyzed. A new mechanism is proposed for the localization of a daughter electrostatic wave in the toroidal direction in the region of a high-power pump beam. This mechanism, along with the two-dimensional localization of the daughter wave because of a nonmonotonic radial profile of the plasma density and the poloidal inhomogeneity of the magnetic field, can be responsible for the parametric excitation of a three-dimensional cavity for this wave and, as a result, low-threshold absolute decay instability of the pump wave.

Recent results on the effect of electron–electron collisions on the electric properties of contacts to a twodimensional electron gas with a direct conductivity in the absence of scattering by impurities and boundaries have been reviewed. A correction to the conductance of such contacts owing to the electron–electron scattering can be either positive or negative depending on the contact geometry. The magnitude of this correction strongly depends on the magnetic field.