DIAMOND CRYSTALLIZATION AND PHASE COMPOSITION IN THE FeNi – GRAPHITE – CaCO3 SYSTEM AT 5.5 Gpa
- Authors: Sonin V.M.1, Tomilenko A.A.1, Zhimulev E.I.1, Bul’bak T.A.1, Chepurov A.A.1, Timina T.Y.1, Chepurov A.I.1, Pokhilenko N.P.1
-
Affiliations:
- Sobolev Institute of Geology and Mineralogy Siberian Branch Russian Academy of Sciences
- Issue: Vol 65, No 3 (2023)
- Pages: 270-286
- Section: Articles
- URL: https://journals.rcsi.science/0016-7770/article/view/134679
- DOI: https://doi.org/10.31857/S0016777023030048
- EDN: https://elibrary.ru/TYGDMK
- ID: 134679
Cite item
Abstract
An experimental simulation of diamond crystallization in the system FeNi - graphite - calcium carbonate at a pressure of 5.5 GPa and a temperature of 1400℃ was carried out. Two sample assembly configurations were used. In the first one – the starting materials were put layer by layer, and in the second one - the components were mixed. It has been established that calcium carbonate, when interacting with the FeNi-melt, decomposes with the formation of Ca,Fe oxides and the release of CO2. Magnetite may be present as an accessory phase. Due to the formation of solid reaction products (Ca,Fe oxides) during layer-by-layer filling of the growth volume, the presence of calcium carbonate between graphite and FeNi-melt prevents diamond crystallization in the graphite layer and carbon transport to diamond seed crystals. When the components are mixed in the growth volume, diamond synthesis and growth onto seed crystals occur. The phenomenon of segregation of diamond crystals together with calcium carbonate and oxide phases, the products of the reaction in the bulk of the metal, has been discovered. Aliphatic, cyclic, and oxygenated hydrocarbons, including heavy compounds (C13-C17), CO2, H2O, nitrogen- and sulfonated compounds, were identified in the fluid phase captured by diamonds in the form of inclusions during growth. The composition of the fluid phase in the studied diamonds is more oxidized compared to the composition of fluid inclusions in diamonds grown in the FeNi – graphite system without carbonate. The results obtained correlate with the data on natural diamonds, among which there are crystals with “essentially carbon dioxide” compositions of fluid inclusions, which indicates the possible participation of crustal carbonate matter in the processes of diamond formation during subduction into the deep mantle.
About the authors
V. M. Sonin
Sobolev Institute of Geology and Mineralogy Siberian Branch Russian Academy of Sciences
Email: sonin@igm.nsc.ru
Pr-t Akademika Koptyuga, 3, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
A. A. Tomilenko
Sobolev Institute of Geology and Mineralogy Siberian Branch Russian Academy of Sciences
Email: tomilen@igm.nsc.ru
Pr-t Akademika Koptyuga, 3, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
E. I. Zhimulev
Sobolev Institute of Geology and Mineralogy Siberian Branch Russian Academy of Sciences
Email: tomilen@igm.nsc.ru
Pr-t Akademika Koptyuga, 3, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
T. A. Bul’bak
Sobolev Institute of Geology and Mineralogy Siberian Branch Russian Academy of Sciences
Email: tomilen@igm.nsc.ru
Pr-t Akademika Koptyuga, 3, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
A. A. Chepurov
Sobolev Institute of Geology and Mineralogy Siberian Branch Russian Academy of Sciences
Email: tomilen@igm.nsc.ru
Pr-t Akademika Koptyuga, 3, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
T. Yu. Timina
Sobolev Institute of Geology and Mineralogy Siberian Branch Russian Academy of Sciences
Email: tomilen@igm.nsc.ru
Pr-t Akademika Koptyuga, 3, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
A. I. Chepurov
Sobolev Institute of Geology and Mineralogy Siberian Branch Russian Academy of Sciences
Email: tomilen@igm.nsc.ru
Pr-t Akademika Koptyuga, 3, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
N. P. Pokhilenko
Sobolev Institute of Geology and Mineralogy Siberian Branch Russian Academy of Sciences
Author for correspondence.
Email: tomilen@igm.nsc.ru
Pr-t Akademika Koptyuga, 3, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
References
- Жимулев Е.И., Сонин В.М., Федоров И.И., Томиленко А.А., Похиленко Л.Н., Чепуров А.И. Устойчивость алмаза к окислению в экспериментах с минералами из мантийных ксенолитов при высоких Р-Т параметрах // Геохимия. 2004. Т. 42. № 6. С. 604–610.
- Зедгенизов Д.А., Рагозин А.Л., Калинина В.В., Каги Х. Особенности минералогии кальциевых включений в сублитосферных алмазах // Геохимия. 2016. № 10. С. 919–930. https://doi.org/10.7868/S0016752516100125
- Литвин Ю.А., Чудиновских Л.Т., Жариков В.А. Кристаллизация алмаза и графита в мантийных щелочно-карбонатных расплавах в эксперименте при 7–11 ГПа // Докл. АН. 1997. Т. 355. № 5. С. 669–672.
- Мартиросян Н.С., Литасов К.Д., Шацкий А.Ф., Отани Э. Исследование реакций железа с карбонатом кальция при 6 ГПа и 1273–1873 К и их роль при восстановлении карбонатов в мантии Земли // Геология и геофизика. 2015. Т. 56. № 9. С. 1681–1692. https://doi.org/10.15372/GiG20150908
- Пальянов Ю.Н., Сокол А.Г., Борздов Ю.М., Хохряков А.Ф., Соболев Н.В. Кристаллизация алмаза в системах CaCO3– C, MgCO3–С, СаMg(CO3)2–С // Докл. АН. 1998. Т. 363. № 2. С. 23–233.
- Сонин В.М., Бульбак Т.А., Жимулев Е.И., Томиленко А.А., Чепуров А.И., Похиленко Н.П. Синтез тяжелых углеводородов при температуре и давлении верхней мантии Земли // Докл. АН. 2014. Т. 454. № 1. С. 84–88. https://doi.org/10.7868/S0869565214010216
- Сонин В.М., Жимулев Е.И., Томиленко А.А., Чепуров С.А., Чепуров А.И. Хроматографическое изучение процесса травления алмазов в расплаве кимберлита в связи с их устойчивостью в природных условиях // Геология руд. месторождений. 2004. Т. 46. № 3. С. 212–221.
- Сонин В.М., Томиленко А.А., Жимулев Е.И., Бульбак Т.А., Тимина Т.Ю., Чепуров А.И., Похиленко Н.П. Кристаллизация алмаза при высоком давлении: относительная эффективность металл-графитовой и металл-карбонатной систем // Докл. АН. 2020. Т. 493. №1. С. 31–36. https://doi.org/10.31857/S268673972007018X
- Томиленко А.А., Бульбак Т.А., Логвинова А.М., Сонин В.М., Соболев Н.В. Особенности состава летучих компонентов в алмазах из россыпей северо-востока Сибирской платформы (по данным газовой хромато-масс-спектрометрии) // Докл. АН. 2018а. Т. 481. № 3. С. 310–314. https://doi.org/10.31857/S086956520001385-6
- Томиленко А.А., Бульбак Т.А., Чепуров А.И., Сонин В.М., Жимулев Е.И., Похиленко Н.П. Состав углеводородов в синтетических алмазах, выращенных в системе Fe-Ni-C (по данным газовой хромато-масс-спектрометрии) // Докл. АН. 2018б. Т. 481. № 4. С. 422–425. https://doi.org/10.31857/S086956520001817-1
- Томиленко А.А., Чепуров А.А., Сонин В.М., Бульбак Т.А., Логвинова А.М., Жимулев Е.И., Тимина Т.Ю., Чепуров А.И. Состав летучих компонентов, захваченных алмазами при росте в металл-углерод-силикатной системе при высоком давлении и температуре // Геохимия. 2021. Т. 66. № 9. P. 799–810. https://doi.org/10.31857/S0016752521080082
- Федоров И.И., Чепуров А.И., Сонин В.М., Чепуров А.А., Логвинова А.М. Экспериментальное и термодинамическое изучение кристаллизации алмаза и силикатов в металл-силикатно-углеродной системе // Геохимия. 2008. № 4. С. 376–386.
- Чепуров А.И., Сонин В.М., Жимулев Е.И., Чепуров А.А., Томиленко А.А. Об образовании элементного углерода при разложении СаСО3 в восстановительных условиях при высоких Р-Т параметрах // Докл. АН. 2011. Т. 441. № 6. С. 806–809. https://doi.org/10.1134/S1028334X11120233
- Agrosi G., Tempesta G., Mele D., Caggiani M.C., Mangone A., Ventura G.D., Cestelli-Guidi M., Allegretta I., Hutchison M.T., Nimis P., Nestola F. Multiphase inclusions associated with residual carbonate in a transition zone diamond from Juina (Brazil) // Lithos. 2019. V. 350–351: 105279. DOI: . 2019.105279https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lithos
- Ague J.J. Subduction goes organic // Nature Geos. 2014. V. 7. P. 860–861.
- Ague J.J., Nicolescu S. Carbon dioxide released from subduction zones by fluid-mediated reactions // Nat. Geosci. 2014. V. 7. P. 355–360. https://doi.org/10.1038./NGEO2143
- Akaishi M., Kanda H., Yamaoka S. Synthesis of diamond from graphite-carbonate systems under very high temperature and pressure // J. Crystal Growth. 1990. V. 104. P. 578–581.
- Anzolini C., Marquardt K., Stagno V., Bindi L., Frost D.J., Pearson D.G., Harris J.W., Hemley R.J., Nestola F. Evidence for complex iron oxides in the deep mantle from FeNi(Cu) inclusions in superdeep diamond // PNAS. 2020. V. 117. № 35. P. 21088–21094. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2004269117
- Brenker F.E., Vollmer C., Vincze L., Vekemans B., Szymanski A., Jansses K., Szaloki I., Nasdala L., Joswig W., Kaminsky F. Carbonates from the lower part of transition zone or even the lower mantle // Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 2007. V. 260. P. 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2007.02.038
- Brovarone A.V., Sverjensky D.A., Piccoli F.,Ressico F., Giovannelli D., Daniel I. Subduction hides high-pressure sources of energy that may feed the deep subsurface biosphere // Nat. Comm. 2020a. V. 11. № 1: 3880. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-17342-x
- Brovarone A.V., Tumiati S., Piccoli F., Ague J.J., Connolli J.A.D., Beyssac O. Fluid-mediated selective dissolution of subducting carbonaceous material: Implication for carbon recycling and fluid fluxes at forearc depths // Chem. Geol. 2020b. V. 549 (2): 119682. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemgeo.2020.119682
- Bulanova G.P., Walter M.J., Smith C.B., Kohn S.C., Armstrong L.S., Blundy J., Gobbo L. Mineral inclusions in sublithospheric diamonds from Collier 4 kimberlite pipe, Juina, Brazil: subducted protoliths, carbonated melts and primary kimberlite magmatism // Contrib. Mineral. Petrol. 2010. V. 160. P. 489–510. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00410-010-0490-6
- Buseck P.R., Beyssak O. From organic matter to graphite: Graphitization // Elements. 2014. V. 10 (6). P. 421–426. https://doi.org/10.2113/gselements.10.6.421
- Chanyshev A.D., Litasov K.D., Shatskiy A.F., Sharygin I.S., Higo Y., Ohtani E. Transition from melting to carbonization of naphthaline, antracene, pyrene and coronene at high pressure // Phys. Earth Planet. Inter. 2017. V. 270. P. 29–39. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pepi.2017.06.011
- Chepurov A.A., Sonin V.M., Dereppe J.M., Zhimulev E.I., Chepurov A.I. How do diamonds grow in metal melt together with silicate minerals? An experimental study of diamond morphology // Eur. J. Mineral. 2020a. V. 32. P. 41–55. https://doi.org/10.5194/ejm-32-41-2020
- Chepurov A.I., Fedorov I.I., Sonin V.M., Bagryantsev D.G., Osorgin N.Y. Diamond formation during reduction of oxide– and silicate–carbon systems at high P-T conditions // Eur. J. Mineral. 1999. 11 (12). P. 355–362.
- Chepurov A.I., Sonin V.M., Zhimulev E.I., Chepurov A.A., Pomazansky B.S., Zemnukhov A.L. Dissolution of diamond crystals in a heterogeneous (metal–sulfide–silicate) medium at 4 GPa and 1400 // J. Mineral. Petrol. Sci. 2018. V. 113. P. 59–67. https://doi.org/10.2465/jmps.170526
- Chepurov A.I, Sonin V.M, Zhimulev E.I, Chepurov A.A. Preservation conditions of CLIPPIR diamonds in the earth’s mantle in a heterogeneous metal–sulphide–silicate medium (experimental modeling) // J. Mineral. Petrol. Sci. 2020b. V. 115. P. 236–246. https://doi.org/10.2465/jmps.190818
- Chepurov A., Zhimulev E., Chepurov A., Sonin V. Where did the largest diamonds grow? The experiments on percolation of Fe–Ni melt through olivine matrix in the presence of hydrocarbons // Lithos. 2021. V. 404–405 (3):106437. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lithos.2021.106437
- Daver L., Bureau H., Boulard E., Gaillou E., Cartigny P., Pinti D.L., Belhadj O., Guignot N., Foy E., Esteve I., Baptiste B. From the lithosphere to the lower mantle: An aqueous-rich metal-bearing growth environment to form type IIb blue diamonds // Chem. Geol. 2022. V. 613 (1-2): 121163. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemgeo.2022.121163
- Dasgupta R., Hirschmann M.M. The deep carbon cycle and melting in Earth’s interior // Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 2010. V. 298. P. 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2010.06.039
- Debret B., Sverjensky D. Highly oxidizing fluids generated during serpentinite breakdown in subduction zones // Sci. Rep. 2017. V. 7 (1): 10351. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-09626-y
- Duncan M.S., Dasgupta R. Rise of Earth’s atmospheric oxygen controlled by efficient subduction of organic carbon // Nat. Geosci. 2017. V. 10 (5). P. 387–392. https://doi.org/10.1038/NGEO2939
- Evans K.A., Reddy S.M., Tomkins A.G., Crossley R.J., Frost B.R. Effects of geodynamic setting on the redox state of fluids released by subducted mantle lithosphere // Lithos. 2017. V. 278–281. P. 26–42. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lithos.2016.12.023
- Frost D.J., McCammon C. The redox state of Earth’s mantle // Annu. Rev. Earth Planet Sci. 2008. V. 36. P. 389–420. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.earth.36.031207.124322
- Fukunaga O., Ko Y.S., Konoue M., Ohashi N., Tsurumi T. Pressure and temperature control in flat-belt type high pressure apparatus for reproducible diamond synthesis // Diam. Relat. Mater. 1999. V. 8. P. 2036–2042.
- Galvez M.E., Beyssac O., Martinez I., Benzerara K., Chaduteau C., Malvoisin B., Malavieille J. Graphite formation by carbonate reduction during subduction // Nat. Geosci. 2013. V. 6. P. 473-477. https://doi.org/10.1038/NGEO1827
- Gorce J.S., Caddick M.J., Bodnar R.J. Thermodynamic constraints on carbonate stability and carbon volatility during subduction // Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 2019. V. 519. P. 213–222. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2019.04.04
- Gromilov S., Chepurov A., Sonin V., Zhimulev E., Sukhikh A., Chepurov A., Shcheglov D. Formation of two crystal modifications of Fe7C3 – x at 5.5 GPa // J. Appl. Cryst. 2019. V. 52. P. 1378–1384. https://doi.org/10.1107/S1600576719013347
- Haggerty S.T. Micro-diamonds: Proposed origins, crystal growth laws, and the underlying principle governing resource predictions // Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta. 2019. V. 266. P. 184-196. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2019.03.036
- Hammouda T. High-pressure melting of carbonated eclogite and experimental constraints on carbon recycling and storage in the mantle // Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 2003. V. 214. P. 357–368. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0012-821X(03)00361-3
- Hutchison M.T., Dale C.W., Nowell G.M., Laiginhas F.A., Pearson D.G. Age constraints on ultra-deep mantle petrology shown by Juina diamonds // 10th Intern. Kimberlite Conf. Bangalire. India. 2012. 10IKC-184
- Jacob D.E., Kronz A., Viljoen K.S. Cohenite, native iron and troilite inclusions in garnets from polycrystalline diamond aggregates // Contrib. Mineral. Petrol. 2004. V. 146. P. 566–576. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00410-003-0518-2
- Kaminsky F. Mineralogy of the lower mantle: A review of “super-deep” mineral inclusions in diamond // Earth-Science Reviews. 2012. V. 110 (1–4). P. 127–147. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2011.10.005
- Kaminsky F.V., Wirth R. Iron carbide inclusions in lower-mantle diamond from Juina, Brazil // Can. Mineral. 2011. V. 49. P. 555–572. https://doi.org/10.3749/canmin.49.2.555
- Kanda H., Akaishi M., Yamaoka S. Morphology of synthetic diamonds grown from Na2CO3 solvent-catalyst // J. Crystal Growth. 1990. V. 106. P. 471–473
- Kelement P.B., Manning C.E. Reevaluating carbon fluxes in subduction zones, what goes down, mostly comes up // PNAS, 2015. V. 112 (30). P. E3997–E4006. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1507889112
- Kerrick D.M., Connoly J.A.D. Metamorphic devolatilization of subducted oceanic metabasalts: implication for seismicity, arc magmatism and volitate recycling // Erath Planet. Sci. Lett. 2001. V. 189. P. 19–29.
- Li Z., Li J., Lange R., Liu J., Militzer B. Determination of calcium carbonate and sodium carbonate melting curves up to Earth’s transition zone pressures with implications for the deep carbon cycle // Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 2017. V. 457. P. 395–402. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2016.10.027
- Litvin Yu.A. Genesis of diamonds and associated phases. Springer Mineralogy. 2017. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-54543-1
- Liu Y., Chen C., He D., Chen W. Deep carbon cycle in subduction zones // Sci. China. Earth Sci. 2019. V. 62 (11). P. 1764–1782. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11430-018-9426-1
- Malvoisin B., Chopin C., Brunet F., Galvez M.E. Low-temperature wollastonite formed by carbonate reduction: a marker of serpentinite redox conditions // J. Petrol. 2012. V. 53 (1). P. 159–176. https://doi.org/10.1093/petrology/egr060
- Martirosyan N.S., Litasov K.D., Shatskiy A., Ohtani E. The reactions between iron and magnesite at 6 GPa and 1273-1873 K: Implication to reduction of subducted carbonate in the deep mantle // J. Mineral. Petrol. Sci. 2015. V. 110. P. 49-59. https://doi.org/10.2465/jmps.141003a
- Molina J.F., Poli S. Carbonate stability and fluid composition in subducted oceanic crust: Experimental study on H2O-CO2-bearing basalts // Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 2000. V. 176 (3-4). P. 295-310. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0012-821X(00)00021-2
- Nakamura Y., Yoshino T., Satish-Kumar M. Pressure dependence of graphitization: implications for rapid recrystallization of carbonaceous material in subduction zone // Contrib. Mineral. Petrol. 2020. V. 175:32. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00410-020-1667-2
- Nestola F. Inclusions in super-deep diamonds: windows on the very deep Earth // Rend. Fis. Acc. Lincei. 2017. V. 28. P. 595–604.
- Palyanov Y.N., Bataleva Y.V., Sokol A.G., Borzdov Y.M., Kupriyanov I.N., Reutsky V.N., Sobolev N.V. // PNAS. 2013. V. 110. P. 20408–20413. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1313340110
- Palyanov Yu.N., Sokol A.G., Borzdov Yu. M., Khokhryakov A.F., Sobolev N.V. Diamond formation from mantle carbonate fluids // Nature. 1999. V. 400. P. 417–418.
- Plank T., Manning G.E. Subducting carbon // Nature. 2019. V. 574. P. 343–352. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-019-1643-z
- Presnall D.C., Gudfinnsson G.H. Carbonate-rich in oceanic low-velocity zone and deep mantle // Geological Society of America. Special Paper. 2005. V. 388. P. 207–216.
- Rohrbach A., Ballhaus C., Golla-Schindler U., Ulmer P., Kamenetsky V.S., Kuzmin D.V. Metal saturation in the upper mantle // Nature. 2007. V. 449. P. 456–458. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature0618
- Rohrbach A., Ghosh S., Scmidt M.W., Wijbrans., Klemme S. The stability of Fe–Ni carbides in the Earth’s mantle: Evidence for a low Fe–Ni–C melt fraction n the deep mantle // Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 2014. V. 388. P. 211–221. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2013.12.007
- Rohrbach A., Schmidt M.W. Redox freezing and melting in Earth’s deep mantle resulting from carbon-iron redox coupling // Nature. 2011. V. 472. P. 209–214. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature09899
- Sato K., Akaishi M., Yamaoka S. Spontaneous nucleation of diamond in system MgCO3–CaCO3–C at 7.7 GPa // Diam. Relat. Mater. 1999. V. 8. P. 1900–1905.
- Shatsky V.S., Ragozin A.L., Logvinova A.M., Wirth R., Kalinina V.V., Sobolev N.V. Diamond-rich placer deposits from iron-saturated mantle beneath the northeastern margin of the Siberian Craton // Lithos. 2020. V. 364–365. P. 105514–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lithos.2020.105514
- Shirey S.B., Cartigny P., Frost D.J., Keshav S., Nestola F., Nimis P., Pearson D.G., Sobolev N.V., Walter M.J. Diamonds and the geology of mantle carbon // Reviews in Mineralogy & Geochemistry. 2013. V. 75. P. 355–421. https://doi.org/10.2138/rmg.2013.75.12
- Smith E.M., Shirey S.B., Nestola F., Bullock E.S., Wang J., Richardson S.H., Wang W. Large gem diamonds from metallic liquid in Earth’s deep mantle // Science. 2016. V. 35. P. 1403–1405. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aal1303
- Smith E.M., Shirey S.B., Wang W. The very deep origin of the World’s biggest diamond // Gems & Gemology. 2017. V. 53 (4). P. 388–403. https://doi.org/10.5741/GEMS.53.4.388
- Smith E.M., Shirey S.B., Richardson S.H., Nestola F., Bullock E.S., Wang J., Wang W. Blue boron-bearing diamonds from Earth’s lower mantle // Nature. 2018. V. 560. P. 84–88. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-018-0334-5
- Sobolev N.V., Logvinova A.M., Tomilenko A.A., Wirth R., Bul’bak T.A., Luk’yanova L.I., Fedorova E.N., Reutsky V.N., Efimova E.S. Mineral and fluid inclusions in diamonds from the Urals placers, Russia: Evidens for solid molecular N2 and hydrocarbons in fluid inclusions // Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta. 2019a. V. 266. P. 197–219. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2019.08.028
- Sobolev N.V., Tomilenko A.A., Bul’bak T.A., Logvinova A.M. Composition of hydrocarbons in diamonds, garnet, and olivine from diamondiferous peridotites from the Udachaya pipe in Yakutia, Russia // Engineering. 2019b. V. 5. P. 471–478. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eng.2019.03.002
- Sonin V., Tomilenko A., Zhimulev E., Bul’bak T., Chepurov A., Babich Yu., Logvinova A., Timina T., Chepurov A. The composition of the fluid phase in inclusions in synthetic HPHT diamonds grown in system Fe–Ni–Ti–C // Sci. Rep. 2022. V. 12:1246. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-05153-7
- Stachel T., Luth R.W. Diamond formation – Where, when and how? // Lithos. 2015. V. 220–223. P. 200-220. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lithos.2015.01.028
- Stagno V., Frost D.J. Carbon speciation in the asthenosphere: Experimental measurements of the redox conditions at carbonate-bearing melts coexist with graphite or diamonds in peridotite assemblages // Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 2010. V. 300. P. 72–84. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2010.09.038
- Stagno V., Frost D.J., McCammon C.A., Mohseni H., Fei Y. The oxygen fugacity at which graphite or diamond forms from carbonate-bearing melts in eclogitic rocks // Contrib. Mineral. Petrol. 2015. V. 169:16. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00410-015-1111-1
- Sugano T., Ohashi N., Tsurumi T., Fukunaga O. Pressure and temperature region of diamond formation in systems graphite and Fe containing alloy // Diam. Relat. Mater. 1996. V. 5. P. 29–33.
- Sverjensky D., Stagno V., Huang F. Important role for organic carbon in subduction-zone fluids in the deep carbon cycle // Nat. Geosci. 2014. V. 7. P. 909–913. https://doi.org/10.1038/NGEO2291
- Swartzendruber L.J., Itkin V.P., Alcock C.B. The Fe-Ni (Iron–Nickel) System // J. Phase Equilibria. 1991. V. 12 (3). P. 288–312.
- Taniguchi T., Dobson D., Jones A.P., Rabe R., Milledge H.J. Synthesis of cubic diamond in graphite–magnesium carbonate and graphite–K2Mg(CO3)2 systems at high pressure of 9-10 GPa region // J. Mater. Res. 1996. V. 11 (10). P. 2622–2632.
- Tao R., Zhang L., Tian M., Zhu J., Liu X., Liu J., Hӧfer H.E., Stagno V., Fei Y. Formation of abiotic hydrocarbon from reduction of carbonate in subduction zones: Constraints from petrological observation and experimental simulation // Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta. 2018. V. 239. P. 390–408. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2018.08.008
- Thomsen T.B., Schmidt M.W. Melting of carbonated pelites at 2.5–5.0 GPa, silicate–carbonatite liquid immiscibility, and potassium–carbon metasomatism of the mantle // Erath Planet. Sci. Lett. 2008. V. 267. P. 17–31. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2007.11.027
- Tomilenko A.A., Chepurov A.I., Sonin V.M., Bul’bak T.A., Zhimulev E.I., Chepurov A.A., Timina T.Yu., Pokhilenko N.P. The synthesis of methane and heavier hydrocarbons in the system graphite–iron–serpentine at 2 and 4 GPa and 1200°C // High Temp. – High Press. 2015. V. 44. P. 451–465.
- Tumiati S., Malaspina N. Redox processes and the role of carbon-bearing volatiles from the slab-mantle interface to the mantle wedge // J. Geol. Soc. London. 2019. V. 176. P. 388–397. https://doi.org/10.1144/jgs2018-046
- Walter M.J., Kohn S.C., Araujo D., Bulanova G.P., Smith C.B., Gaillou E., Wang J., Steele A., Shirey S.B. Deep mantle cycling of oceanic crust: Evidence from diamonds and their mineral inclusions // Science. 2011. V. 334 (6052). P. 54–57. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1209300
- Wirth R., Dobrzhinetskaya L., Harte B., Schreiber A., Green H.W. High-Fe (Mg,Fe) inclusions in diamond apparently from the lowermost mantle // Earh Planet. Sci. Lett. 2014. V. 404. P. 365–375. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2014.08.010
- Zedgenizov D.A., Kagi H., Shatsky V.S., Ragozin A.L. Local variations of carbon isotope composition in diamonds from Sao-Luis (Brazil): Evidence for heterogenous carbon reservoir in sublithospheric mantle // Chem. Geol. 2014. V. 363. P. 114–124. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemgeo.2013.10.033