Sources and evolution of miocene-pleistocene alkaline magmatism in the north-east part of the arabian plate (data from Sr–Nd–Pb isotopic systematics and K–Ar geochronometry)

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Abstract

A geochronological and isotope-geochemical study of alkaline basalts from three areas of young magmatism within the northeastern part of the Arabian Plate (Southeastern Turkey), Batman, Kurtalan and Alemdağ, was carried out. The obtained isotope data have indicated that the volcanism in the studied region developed over 5 mln years from the end of Miocene to the mid of Pleistocene during four pulses separated by breaks in magmatic activity: 6.1-4.9 Ma (Batman area, hawaiites), ~3.0 Ma (Alemdağ plateau, phase I, basalts), 2.0-1.9 Ma (Alemdağ plateau, phase II, tephrites), and 1.5-1.3 Ma (Alemdağ plateau, phase III, basalts; Kurtalan area, basalts). A comparison of spatial-temporal regularities of magmatic activity evolution in the studied part of the Arabian Plate and within the largest basalt plateau of Arabian foreland, Karacadağ plateau, located to the west, was carried out. The results of Sr-Nd-Pb isotope-geochemical studies show that the development of young basalt volcanism within the northern part of the Arabian Plate was characterized at different time by participation of various mantle sources in magma generation under this region. Initial pulses of magmatic activity are associated with melting of Arabian subcontinental lithospheric mantle (SCLM). The processes of fractional crystallization combined with crustal assimilation (AFC) have played an important role in the petrogenesis of lavas as well. In the subsequent time, a deep mantle source (PREMA) with a depleted isotopic composition of Sr and Pb played a leading role in the formation of basaltic magmas of increased alkalinity. The melts generated by this source were mixed with the SCLM material in various proportions at different stages of magmatism with a limited participation of AFC processes in the petrogenesis of the rocks. It was concluded that young basalt volcanism of elevated alkalinity in the northeast of the Arabian Plate is not related to the collision of the Eurasian and Arabian plates genetically, but presumably manifested here as a result of the migration of the initial rift geodynamic set from the Red Sea basin to the north along Levantine and East Anatolian transform faults with associated convective wave flows in the lower part of mantle under this part of the Earth.

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А. V. Chugaev

Institute of Geology of Ore Deposits, Petrography, Mineralogy and Geochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences

Email: vassachav@mail.ru
Russian Federation, 119017, Moscow, Staromonetnyj pr., 35

A. V. Parfenov

Institute of Geology of Ore Deposits, Petrography, Mineralogy and Geochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences

Email: vassachav@mail.ru
Russian Federation, 119017, Moscow, Staromonetnyj pr., 35

V. А. Lebedev

Institute of Geology of Ore Deposits, Petrography, Mineralogy and Geochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences

Email: vassachav@mail.ru
Russian Federation, 119017, Moscow, Staromonetnyj pr., 35

I. V. Chernyshev

Institute of Geology of Ore Deposits, Petrography, Mineralogy and Geochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences

Email: vassachav@mail.ru
Russian Federation, 119017, Moscow, Staromonetnyj pr., 35

V. Oyan

Van Yüzüncü Yil University

Email: vassachav@mail.ru

Faculty of Engineering, Department of Mining Engineering

Turkey, 65080, Van, Zeve Campus

Y. Özdemir

Van Yüzüncü Yil University

Email: vassachav@mail.ru

Faculty of Engineering, Department of Geological Engineering

Turkey, 65080, Van, Zeve Campus

E. Oyan

Van Yüzüncü Yil University

Email: vassachav@mail.ru

Faculty of Engineering, Department of Geological Engineering

Turkey, 65080, Van, Zeve Campus

Ju. V. Gol'cman

Institute of Geology of Ore Deposits, Petrography, Mineralogy and Geochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences

Email: vassachav@mail.ru
Russian Federation, 119017, Moscow, Staromonetnyj pr., 35

I. V. Rassohina

Institute of Geology of Ore Deposits, Petrography, Mineralogy and Geochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences

Email: vassachav@mail.ru
Russian Federation, 119017, Moscow, Staromonetnyj pr., 35

B. I. Gareev

Kazan Federal University

Email: vassachav@mail.ru
Russian Federation, 420008, Kazan

G. А. Batalin

Kazan Federal University

Author for correspondence.
Email: vassachav@mail.ru
Russian Federation, 420008, Kazan

C. B. Pavlidis

Institute of Geology of Ore Deposits, Petrography, Mineralogy and Geochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences

Email: vassachav@mail.ru
Russian Federation, 119017, Moscow, Staromonetnyj pr., 35

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2. Fig. 1. Geotectonic scheme of the Arabian-Eurasian collision zone (according to Philip et al., 2001 with modifications and additions by the authors). The study area and the studied areas of young volcanism are shown (1 - Batman, 2 - Kurtalan, 3 - Alemdag). 1 - areas of Neogene-Quaternary magmatism, 2 - the largest Quaternary volcanoes, 3 - tectonic faults (a - major thrusts and reverse faults, b - major strike-slip faults, c - minor faults).

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3. Fig. 2. Schematic geological map of the northeastern part of the Arabian Plate, compiled on the basis of geological maps of Turkey and Syria on a scale of 1:500000. The sampling locations and the K-Ar age values ​​(million years) obtained for them in this work are indicated. 1 – Neogene-Quaternary continental clastic sediments, 2 – Middle Quaternary basaltic lavas (ca. 1.5–1.3 Ma), 3 – Early Quaternary basaltic lavas (ca. 2.0–1.9 Ma), 4 – Pliocene basaltic lavas (ca. 3.0 Ma), 5 – Miocene basaltic lavas (6.1–4.9 Ma), 6 – Paleogene limestones, clastic sediments and evaporites, 7 – Paleogene volcanics, 8 – Cretaceous marls, 9 – Late Jurassic limestones, 10 – Paleozoic metamorphic complexes of the Bitlis-Pouturg massif, 11 – Bitlis suture, 12 – sampling sites.

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4. Fig. 3. Stratigraphic relationships between young basaltic lavas and sedimentary formations of the Arabian Plate cover within the studied areas of young volcanism (photo by V. Oyan). (a) – Batman volcanic nappe in the area of ​​Mount Kira; (b) – occurrence of basalts of the Batman nappe on sedimentary formations of the Şelmo formation with the formation of a thick quench zone; (c) – basaltic lavas of the Kurtalan volcanic center in the Tigris River valley; (d) – three stratigraphic levels of lavas of the Alemdag plateau.

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5. Fig. 4. Micrographs of transparent sections of the studied alkaline basalts of the northeastern part of the Arabian Plate. The nicoli are crossed. (a, b) – lavas of the Batman volcanic center, (c) – lavas of the Kurtalan volcanic center, (d, d) – lavas of the first phase of activity of the Alemdag plateau, (e, g) – lavas of the second phase of activity of the Alemdag plateau, (h) – lavas of the third phase of activity of the Alemdag plateau.

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6. Fig. 5. Classification geochemical diagrams for the studied rocks of the northeastern Arabian Plate. (a) – fragment of the TAS diagram (Le Bas et al., 1986), (b) – K2O–Na2O diagram (Middlemost, 1975). I-B – curve separating rocks of normal and increased alkalinity (Irvine, Baragar, 1971). The composition field of volcanic rocks of the Karacadag plateau is shown based on data from the articles (Lustrino et al., 2010; Keskin et al., 2012б; Ecici et al., 2014). 1 – lavas of the first phase of activity of the Batman volcanic center, 2 – lavas of the second phase of activity of the Batman volcanic center, 3 – lavas of the Kurtalan volcanic center, 4 – lavas of the first phase of activity of the Alemdag plateau, 5 – lavas of the second phase of activity of the Alemdag plateau, 6 – lavas of the third phase of activity of the Alemdag plateau.

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7. Fig. 6. Distribution spectra for the averaged compositions of the studied volcanics of different ages from the northeastern Arabian Plate: (a) REE normalized to the composition of the chondrite reservoir (CHUR); (b) trace elements normalized to the composition of the primitive mantle. The data for normalization are taken from (Sun, McDonough, 1989; Boynton, 1984). Legend: see Fig. 5. Data on the concentrations of trace elements and REE in the Red Sea basalts and Yemeni traps are taken from (Mattash et al., 2013, 2014).

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8. Fig. 7. Sr–Nd isotope diagram for Miocene-Quaternary moderately alkaline and alkaline basalts of the Batman, Alemdag and Kurtalan volcanic areas (Turkey). The diagram additionally shows the fields of Miocene-Quaternary volcanic rocks of the Karacadağ volcanic region (Keskin et al., 2012b), the East Anatolian Province (Lebedev et al., 2016; Oyan et al., 2016, 2017; Özdemir, Güleç, 2014), the MORB fields of the Red Sea and the Afar plume (Volker et al., 1993; Pik et al., 1999; Rooney et al., 2012), as well as the depleted mantle source (DM) (Goldstein, Jacobsen, 1988) and the “PREMA” and “EM II” type mantle sources (Zindler, Hart, 1986).

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9. Fig. 8. Pb-Pb diagram for Miocene-Quaternary alkaline and moderately alkaline basalts of the Batman, Kurtalan and Alemdağ volcanic areas (Turkey). The diagram shows the Pb isotope composition fields of Precambrian rocks of the upper and lower crust of the Arabian Plate (Stoeser and Frost, 2006; Stern et al., 2014), MORB basalts of the Red Sea and the Afar plume (Volker et al., 1993; Pik et al., 1999), and Miocene-Quaternary volcanics of the Karacadağ area and the East Anatolian provinces (Keskin et al., 2012b; Lebedev et al., 2016; Oyan et al., 2016, 2017).

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10. Fig. 9. Ta/Yb–Th/Yb diagram (Pearce, 1983) for the studied lavas of the Arabian Plate. Data for the lavas of the Karajadag area are taken from (Keskin et al., 2012b), for the Cenozoic traps of Yemen – from (Mattash et al., 2013, 2014). Legend – see Fig. 5.

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Согласие на обработку персональных данных с помощью сервиса «Яндекс.Метрика»

1. Я (далее – «Пользователь» или «Субъект персональных данных»), осуществляя использование сайта https://journals.rcsi.science/ (далее – «Сайт»), подтверждая свою полную дееспособность даю согласие на обработку персональных данных с использованием средств автоматизации Оператору - федеральному государственному бюджетному учреждению «Российский центр научной информации» (РЦНИ), далее – «Оператор», расположенному по адресу: 119991, г. Москва, Ленинский просп., д.32А, со следующими условиями.

2. Категории обрабатываемых данных: файлы «cookies» (куки-файлы). Файлы «cookie» – это небольшой текстовый файл, который веб-сервер может хранить в браузере Пользователя. Данные файлы веб-сервер загружает на устройство Пользователя при посещении им Сайта. При каждом следующем посещении Пользователем Сайта «cookie» файлы отправляются на Сайт Оператора. Данные файлы позволяют Сайту распознавать устройство Пользователя. Содержимое такого файла может как относиться, так и не относиться к персональным данным, в зависимости от того, содержит ли такой файл персональные данные или содержит обезличенные технические данные.

3. Цель обработки персональных данных: анализ пользовательской активности с помощью сервиса «Яндекс.Метрика».

4. Категории субъектов персональных данных: все Пользователи Сайта, которые дали согласие на обработку файлов «cookie».

5. Способы обработки: сбор, запись, систематизация, накопление, хранение, уточнение (обновление, изменение), извлечение, использование, передача (доступ, предоставление), блокирование, удаление, уничтожение персональных данных.

6. Срок обработки и хранения: до получения от Субъекта персональных данных требования о прекращении обработки/отзыва согласия.

7. Способ отзыва: заявление об отзыве в письменном виде путём его направления на адрес электронной почты Оператора: info@rcsi.science или путем письменного обращения по юридическому адресу: 119991, г. Москва, Ленинский просп., д.32А

8. Субъект персональных данных вправе запретить своему оборудованию прием этих данных или ограничить прием этих данных. При отказе от получения таких данных или при ограничении приема данных некоторые функции Сайта могут работать некорректно. Субъект персональных данных обязуется сам настроить свое оборудование таким способом, чтобы оно обеспечивало адекватный его желаниям режим работы и уровень защиты данных файлов «cookie», Оператор не предоставляет технологических и правовых консультаций на темы подобного характера.

9. Порядок уничтожения персональных данных при достижении цели их обработки или при наступлении иных законных оснований определяется Оператором в соответствии с законодательством Российской Федерации.

10. Я согласен/согласна квалифицировать в качестве своей простой электронной подписи под настоящим Согласием и под Политикой обработки персональных данных выполнение мною следующего действия на сайте: https://journals.rcsi.science/ нажатие мною на интерфейсе с текстом: «Сайт использует сервис «Яндекс.Метрика» (который использует файлы «cookie») на элемент с текстом «Принять и продолжить».