Фитомелатонин как элемент гормональной системы растений

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Abstract

Мелатонин (N-ацетил-5-метокситриптамин), гормон животных, антиоксидант и регуляторная молекула, привлекает все большее внимание биологов. Мелатонин, открытый в растениях в 1995 г. и позднее названный фитомелатонином (ФМТ), регулирует многие этапы онтогенеза растений, начиная от прорастания семян и заканчивая процессом старения. ФМТ является одним из наиболее мощных антиоксидантов растительной клетки. Многочисленные экспериментальные данные показывают, что ФМТ повышает устойчивость растений в условиях действия как абиотических, так и биотических стрессов. В регуляции физиологических процессов он взаимодействует практически со всеми известными в настоящее время фитогормонами. Сейчас довольно хорошо изучен биосинтез ФМТ, его полифункциональная активность, открыт первый рецептор и некоторые компоненты цепи его сигналинга. Все это позволяет считать ФМТ новым гормоном растений.

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В. В. Кузнецов

Федеральное государственное бюджетное научное учреждение науки Институт физиологии растений им. К.А. Тимирязева Российской академии наук

Email: nvkudryakova@mail.ru
Russian Federation, Москва

И. А. Бычков

Федеральное государственное бюджетное научное учреждение науки Институт физиологии растений им. К.А. Тимирязева Российской академии наук

Email: nvkudryakova@mail.ru
Russian Federation, Москва

Н. В. Кудрякова

Федеральное государственное бюджетное научное учреждение науки Институт физиологии растений им. К.А. Тимирязева Российской академии наук

Author for correspondence.
Email: nvkudryakova@mail.ru
Russian Federation, Москва

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2. Fig. 1. Scheme of melatonin synthesis in animals and phytomelatonin in plants. Melatonin synthesis in animals follows one standard pathway (red arrows). PMT synthesis is more complex, one pathway of tryptophan conversion to serotonin and two pathways of serotonin conversion to PMT (green arrows) have been proven. There is some evidence of tryptophan conversion to serotonin by the animal pathway (green dotted arrows). At least 6 enzymes participate in the reactions: TDC – tryptophan decarboxylase, TPH – tryptophan-5-hydroxylase, T5H – tryptamine-5-hydroxylase, SNAT – serotonin-N-acetyltransferase, ASMT – acetylserotonin methyltransferase, COMT – serotonin-O-methyltransferase of caffeic acid.

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3. Fig. 2. Phytomelatonin – a new phytohormone. There are requirements for biologically active compounds that can be classified as phytohormones [121], however, some of the requirements, in our opinion, are overstated, and PMT can be considered a new phytohormone based on the following features: 1) the PMT receptor is known; 2) it is a pleiotropic molecule that participates in the regulation of many physiological processes in plants; 3) the action of PMT depends on the exogenous or endogenous concentration of the regulator; 4) the pathways of its biosynthesis and, partially, catabolism are known; 5) it is assumed that PMT is transported through the xylem; 6) PMT interacts with all the main phytohormones in the regulation of various physiological processes, including auxins, CK, GA, BS, ABA, ethylene, SA, jasmonates and strigolactones.

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