Izvestiâ Akademii nauk SSSR. Fizika atmosfery i okeana

The pioneering contribution of G.S. Golitsyn to the theory of similarity of the circulation of planetary atmospheres, the energetics and statistics of tropical and polar hurricanes, extratropical cyclones and anticyclones, and the energetics of tornadoes is briefly described. In addition, some issues of the energetics and statistics of dust devils on Earth and Mars are considered.

The Earth system model of the A.M. Obukhov Institute of Atmospheric Physics of the Russian Academy of Sciences (IAP RAS ESM) includes blocks describing the state of the atmosphere, ocean, active layer of land, biogeochemical cycles, processes related to atmospheric electricity and atmospheric chemistry. It belongs to the class of Earth system models of intermediate complexity (EMICs) and participates in relevant international comparison projects. A special feature of the model is the parameterization of synoptic variability in the atmosphere and ocean, which allows accelerating simulations by two orders of magnitude. The model realistically reproduces climate changes over the period of instrumental measurements and can be used for assessments of past and future climate changes on time scales from decades to millennia. With the IAP RAS ESM, the a number of important results related to identifying the causes of climate change in different epochs, analyzing the influence of biogeochemical cycles on climate change and causal relationships in the Earth's climate system and the comparative role of various external natural and anthropogenic factors.

A two-parameter family of vortices is studied, in which the air motion near the vortex axis differs from solid-body rotation, and the tangential velocity increases according to a power law. It is shown that such vortices satisfy the angular momentum balance equation augmented with a model of turbulent viscosity, including both the traditional mechanism of eddy viscosity and the mechanism of negative diffusion of angular momentum in the vortex. Emphasis is placed on reconstructing the radial profile of the pressure drop in the vortex in an explicit analytical form. Examples of two-parameter representation of vortices are given, both for discrete, integer parameter values, and for a continuous spectrum of their changes. The results obtained are applied to supercell tornadoes. It is shown that the width of the strip on the surface of the earth swept by the vortex during its movement, and determined from the condition that the wind has hurricane force, systematically decreases when the air motion near the vortex axis deviates from solid-state rotation. Using the downward flux of helicity in a vortex as a measure of tornado intensity, as well as to a certain extent of their "destructive power", confirms these results. The question of the best approximation, within the framework of a generalized two-parameter family of vortices, of the radial profile of the tangential velocity in the well-known Sullivan vortex is discussed.

According to measurements in September 2021 in a desertefied area in the Astrakhan region components of wind speed, air temperature and concentration of aerosol particles in the surface layer of the atmosphere, vertical heat turbulent fluxes and dust aerosol were determined. A statistical analysis of variations in meteorological parameters and aerosol particle concentrations was performed. The temporal variability of the horizontal and vertical components of wind speed, air temperature and aerosol particle concentration was analyzed using spectral analysis. A comparison has been made of the empirical distribution functions of heat flux density and the temporal variability of the rate of heat removal from the underlying surface according to synchronous measurements using acoustic weather stations Meteo-2 and Metek. Significant differences in the spatiotemporal variability of the vertical turbulent transfer of heat and dust aerosol in a desertified area were revealed. The 30-minute average values of the friction velocity, the Monin-Obukhov scale, turbulent heat fluxes (90–160 W/m²) and dust aerosol (7.2–27.5 cm^–2 s^–1), as well as the heat removal rate (14–21 cm/s) and dust aerosol (10–16 cm/s) from the underlying surface. It is shown that the temporal variability of the dust aerosol flux density is caused by a superposition of convective “low-frequency” movements with a scale of approximately 3–15 minutes and “high-frequency variations with a duration of less than approximately 10 s.”