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Volume 60, Nº 5 (2024)

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Articles

Internal Gravity Waves Excited by Non-Stationary Disturbance Sources in a Stratified Ocean with Shear Flows

Bulatov V., Vladimirov I.

Resumo

The problem of constructing solutions that describe the generation of internal gravity waves by a localized oscillating source of disturbances in a finite layer of a stratified medium with background shear flows is considered. To construct analytical solutions in a linear approximation, model representations of the buoyancy frequency and the distribution of shear flow in depth were used. Under the Miles-Howard assumption, an integral representation of the solution in the form of sums of wave modes was obtained and, using the stationary phase method, an asymptotic representation of the solution for each mode was constructed. The results of calculations of dispersion dependences and phase structures of wave fields for various modes of wave generation are presented. The spatial transformation of the phase structures of wave fields has been studied depending on the frequency of oscillations of the source of disturbances and the main characteristics of shear flows.

Izvestiâ Akademii nauk SSSR. Fizika atmosfery i okeana. 2024;60(5):567-581
pages 567-581 views

Study of the Characteristics of Internal Waves in The Kara Sea and Their Influence on Turbulent Heat and Momentum Fluxes Over The Sea Surface

Marchuk E., Chunchuzov I., Popov O., Repina I., Kozlov I., Silvestrova K., Osadchiev A., Stepanova N., Johannessen U.

Resumo

The paper is devoted to the study of the characteristics of internal waves in the Kara Sea and their interaction with the atmosphere, in particular, their influence on the turbulent momentum and heat fluxes in the surface layer of the atmosphere. The direction and horizontal velocity of propagation of short-period internal waves in the Kara Gate Strait were calculated. Cross-spectra of mesoscale fluctuations of water temperature at the sea surface, at depths of 10 and 20 m, and meteorological parameters at 22 m height were analyzed. Common spectral maxima at periods characteristic of the trapped internal gravity modes propagating in the thermocline layer and atmospheric gravity modes in the stably-stratified layer of the lower troposphere are revealed. A possible mechanism of influence of the observed gravity modes in the thermocline layer on mesoscale fluctuations of meteorological parameters (with periods from 10 min to several hours) and turbulent fluxes of momentum, apparent and latent heat in the surface layer of the atmosphere is proposed.

Izvestiâ Akademii nauk SSSR. Fizika atmosfery i okeana. 2024;60(5):582-600
pages 582-600 views

Influence of the Non-Traditional Approximation on Momentum Transfer by Internal Waves in a Shear Flow

Slepyshev A., Schadt M.

Resumo

The Boussinesq approximation considers free internal waves in a plane-parallel stratified flow, taking into account the Earth's rotation. An analytically resolvable model with a linear flow velocity profile and uniform stratification is considered, when the wave propagates perpendicular to the flow. It is shown that taking into account the contribution of the horizontal component of the angular velocity of the Earth's rotation due to the Coriolis force (non-traditional approximation) practically does not change the dispersion curves, however, the vertical wave momentum flux vw¯ increases slightly. The effect intensifies as you approach the equator. In the non-traditional approximation, the vertical momentum flux vw¯ is not zero even in the absence of flow, while in the traditional approximation it is zero.

Izvestiâ Akademii nauk SSSR. Fizika atmosfery i okeana. 2024;60(5):601-610
pages 601-610 views

Optical Characteristics of Atmospheric Aerosol Based On The Results of Measurements Near St. Petersburg from 2016 to 2021

Shpak K., Nebosko E., Ionov D.

Resumo

The paper presents the results of measurements of the optical characteristics of the aerosol particles using a solar photometer and nephelometer from 2016 to 2021, obtained at the atmospheric monitoring station in Peterhof (59.88°N, 29.83°E). The measurements were compared with the MERRA-2 reanalysis data. It is shown that inter–seasonal variability is observed in the region, characterized by low values of the Angstrom exponent in winter and high values in the warm season. The backscatter fraction has a similar but less pronounced seasonal cycle. The average value of the turbidity coefficient for the period is less than 0.10, which makes it possible to determine the observation station as a background one. Using the HYSPLIT model, the origin of air masses forming the atmospheric air state at the observation station was determined in cases of realization of the limiting values of the measured scattering coefficients (< 10 and > 70) and the Angstrom exponent (< 1). Air masses coming from the north-west direction correspond to clean and humid air from the marine area and are manifested in the minimum values of the measured parameters. The maximum values of the scattering coefficient are associated with fine aerosol coming in the atmosphere both from regional emissions sources (urban pollution from the territory of St. Petersburg) and as a result of transboundary transport from southwestern directions.

Izvestiâ Akademii nauk SSSR. Fizika atmosfery i okeana. 2024;60(5):611-622
pages 611-622 views

Technique for Determination of Tropospheric Ozone Content From Spectral Measurements of Outgoing Thermal Radiation by Satellite Instrument IKFS-2

Polyakov A., Virolainen Y., Nerobelov G., Akishina S.

Resumo

A technique for determining the tropospheric ozone content (TO) from the spectra of outgoing thermal infrared (IR) radiation based on the principal component method and neural network approach is proposed. To train the artificial neural networks, TO data calculated from ozone profiles of vertical ozone content derived from ozonesondes are used. The ozone content in the atmospheric layers from the Earth's surface to levels with pressures of 400 and 300 hPa is considered as TO. The error of approximation of TO values on training data is 2.7 and 3.6 DU for layers below 400 and 300 hPa, respectively. The methodology is validated on the basis of comparison with ground-based TO measurements at the NDACC international observing network of stations using solar infrared spectra. The mean standard deviations of the differences between the ground-based infrared measurements at 19 stations and the derived TO values from the IKFS-2 data were about 3 DU. The mean differences depend on the altitude and geographical location of the ground station, varying from +3 to -12 DU. The discrepancies between the ground-based measurements and satellite data correspond to the results of other authors obtained for the IASI satellite instrument, which is close in characteristics. The paper presents examples of the global distribution of mean monthly TO values for different seasons.

Izvestiâ Akademii nauk SSSR. Fizika atmosfery i okeana. 2024;60(5):623-637
pages 623-637 views

Impact of Fossil Fuel Combustion Emissions and Wildfires on Air Quality of Urban Environment in a Western Siberian Industrial City

Khozyainova D., Popovicheva O., Chichaeva M., Kovach R., Slobodyan V., Kasimov N.

Resumo

Assessment of air quality in the industrial cities is of the high attention, especially in the regions sensitive to the ecological and climate changes. Study of atmospheric aerosol loading carried out in the Novy Urengoy city during summer- autumn of 2023. Particle number concentration, mass concentration of particle with a size less than 10 µm (PM10) and 2.5 µm (PM2.5) as well as black carbon (BC) measured by the mobile Aerosol Complex. The portion of fossil fuel combustion FF% and biomass burning (BB%) estimated using the aethalometer model. BC concentrations increased during pollution episodes recorded at the end of June (I) and July (II), in the beginning of August (III) and September (IV), doubled on average in comparison with the level of urban emissions. During the episode IV of maximum pollution ВС concentration and its impact to PM2.5 increased 4 and 5 times, respectively. At that time, portion of fossil fuel combustion FF% approached 96%. Cluster analyses of ВС dependence on the wind speed and direction revealed the sector of high concentration source. FF% indicated the direction of the emissions from the biggest industrial enterprise of Urengoy oil and gas condensate field. Wildfire plume identified by ВВ% from the south of Siberia.

Izvestiâ Akademii nauk SSSR. Fizika atmosfery i okeana. 2024;60(5):638-652
pages 638-652 views

Frequency of Winter Atmospheric Blockings in the Northern Hemisphere in Different Phases of El Niño, Pacific Decadal And Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillations

Mokhov I., Timazhev A.

Resumo

Estimates of regional anomalies in the frequency of winter atmospheric blockings in the Northern Hemisphere, diagnosed using reanalysis data for the period 1979–2018, are presented. at different phases of the El Niño, Pacific Decadal and Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillations. In particular, quantitative estimates were obtained of the regional frequency of winter blockings during El Niño of various types, characterized, in particular, by the Nino3 and Nino4 indices. In particular, during the neutral phase of El Niño phenomena in the positive phase of the Pacific decadal oscillation, a significant excess of the average frequency values of winter atmospheric blockings for a 40-year period over the Euro-Atlantic and Pacific sectors was noted. During the El Niño phase, a significant increase in the frequency of atmospheric blockings was noted in the negative phase of the Pacific Decadal Oscillation, as well as in the positive phase of the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation, in particular over the Pacific and Atlantic oceans. In the La Niña phase, using the Nino4 index, a significant increase in the frequency of atmospheric blocking in winter in the Ural Mountains region was revealed in the positive phase of the Pacific decadal oscillation and the negative phase of the Atlantic multidecadal oscillation.

Izvestiâ Akademii nauk SSSR. Fizika atmosfery i okeana. 2024;60(5):653-666
pages 653-666 views

Deep Penetrating Cooling in the Black Sea as a Reaction to Cold Air Intrusions in Winter

Efimov V., Yarovaya D., Komarovskaya O.

Resumo

We study the reaction of the Black Sea upper layer, and in particular the cold intermediate layer (CIL), to intense wind forcing during cold air intrusions (CAIs) in winter. Using atmospheric reanalysis ERA5 and marine reanalysis Copernicus, we obtained joint distributions of surface wind speed and water temperature differences at various depths for the period of 2000–2020. It is shown that reaction time of the sea upper layer to such extreme weather event as CAI is about 2 days. Also, it is shown that CAI influence extends to great depths, up to 60–70 m. Using coupled mesoscale sea-atmosphere model, we investigated the cooling mechanisms of the sea upper layer during the CAI case in January, 23–25, 2010. Two sensitivity experiments with suppressed air-sea interaction were performed. In the first experiment, sensible and latent heat fluxes from the sea surface were switched off. In the second experiment, wind shear stress at the sea surface was switched off. It is shown that the main reason for temperature decrease in the upper mixed layer was sea surface cooling due to sensible and latent heat fluxes. And the mechanism of deep cooling, that penetrates to the pycnocline, was vertical turbulent mixing caused by wind waves breaking and shear instability. In the first experiment, temperature decrease was insignificant; it was caused mainly by the entrainment of cold water from the CIL through the lower boundary of the mixed layer. In the second experiment, temperature decrease was as significant as in the control run. It is shown that after switching off wind shear stress in the second experiment turbulent mixing in the upper quasi-homogeneous layer of the sea changed fundamentally. In order to compensate the decrease of turbulence intensity and provide the same vertical heat flux as in the control run, the spatial vertical scale of turbulent eddies increased.

Izvestiâ Akademii nauk SSSR. Fizika atmosfery i okeana. 2024;60(5):667-678
pages 667-678 views

Variability of the Dome of Temperature of the Weddell Sea Deep Water Depending on the Intensity of the Cyclonic Wind Field

Morozov E., Bagatinskaya V., Bagatinsky V., Diansky N.

Resumo

Variations in the position of the dome of Weddell Sea Deep Water was studied based on the EN4 data on temperature and salinity for monthly mean conditions in February and August in 1993–2012 depending on the wind friction stress calculated according to the JRA55-do data. The dome itself is considered in the region 60–67° S and 10–25° W. The range of potential temperatures in the layer of Weddell Sea Deep Water is 0.02–0.2°C. Observed mean data of the dome of isotherms and isopycnals in February from 1993 to 2012 is formed as a sequence of the intensification of the thermohaline circulation in general and the wind circulation of water in the Weddell Sea. Under the influence of seasonal variability of the cyclonic nature and the intensity of the wind field, isotherms experience periodic rise and fall. The outflow of deep water from the Weddell Sea mainly occurs through the Orkney Passage over a transverse ridge of about 3600 m deep. Depending on the rise or fall of the isotherms in the area of this passage, warmer or colder Antarctic Bottom Waters enter the Scotia Sea.

Izvestiâ Akademii nauk SSSR. Fizika atmosfery i okeana. 2024;60(5):679-698
pages 679-698 views

Comparison of Atmospheric Reanalysis of the XX Century with the Meteorological Observations of the Expedition of G.L. Brusilov on the Ship "St. Anna" During the Forced Drift of 1912–1914

May R., Tsedrik S., Ermolov E.

Resumo

The paper presents the results of a comparison of the atmospheric reanalysis of the 20th century ERA-20C and NOAA-CIRES-DOE 20th Century Reanalysis with the data of meteorological observations made during the forced drift of the schooner «St. Anna» in 1912–1914 in the Arctic. Synchronous time series of atmospheric pressure, air temperature and wind were compared using correlation analysis and estimates of mean error (bias) and root-mean-square error (RMSE). To compare wind data, specialized techniques for comparing vector series were used. For all meteorological characteristics, the NOAA-CIRES-DOE 20 version 3 reanalysis shows the highest values of correlation and the lowest RMSE values. The minimum mean error values for atmospheric pressure and air temperature data are shown by the ERA-20C reanalysis. It has been established that there is a systematic deviation of approximately 12–15° between the wind measurement data and the reanalysis wind.

Izvestiâ Akademii nauk SSSR. Fizika atmosfery i okeana. 2024;60(5):699-710
pages 699-710 views

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