Vol 75, No 4 (1994)
Theoretical and clinical medicine
Kazan school of forensic medicine
Abstract
The stages of formation and development of the forensic medical science are considered. The historical information of the outstanding representatives of the Kazan school and their contribution to the forensic medicine of our country are presented. The current developments and advances of the activity of the forensic medicine department of the Kazan medical institute are shown.
Stages and advances of the development of the forensic medical service of Tatarstan Republik
Abstract
The data concerning the formation of the forensic medical service in Tatarstan are given. The characteristic of structure and organization of its activity in the present state are presented. The development prospects for the years immediately ahead are evident.
Axonal trauma as one of the forms of diffusive contusive injury of the brain
Abstract
The comprehensive clinical picture of diffusive axonal trauma and its morphologic manifestations are given. It is shown that the mechanism of head trauma, the direction of traumatizing object motion and the terms of inflicting injuries may be determined by the localization and distribution of the foci of azones injuries.
On the problem of clinical examination of the mild forms of craniocerebral injury
Abstract
The mild forms of craniocerebral injury — concussion and contusion of the brain of the mild form are closely related in symptomatology but vary in time of a patient (victim) disability and consequently in forensic medical examination of the gravity of body injuries. The problems of diagnosis, differentiated approach of clinical diagnosis in the mild forms of craniocerebral injury are studied, the only approach of physicians-specialists (neurosurgeons, neuropathologists and medicolegists) to this issue is determined.
Nature of pelvis injury in children by the action of hard obtuse objects from the front
Abstract
The regularities of pelvis bones fractures in children depending on the concrete direction and conditions of the action of a hard obtuse object are revealed. The data provided show the basic mechanisms of fractures and permit solving the controversial problems occurring in concrete injury examinations
Traumatic shock in the aspect of the adaptation theory
Abstract
The theoretical principles revealing the essence of shock process and its components as well as the mechanisms and importance of adaptive responses in patho- and thanato- genesis of extreme states are considered. The principles of systematic approach to concern the shock pathogenesis are proposed. The possible ways to estimate the nature of adaptive responses in shock and to determine the effective antishock measures are provided in the article.
Comparative quantitative study of the fractures of ribs in drivers and passengers during front collisions of cars
Abstract
A comparative study of the quantity of the fractures of ribs in drivers and passengers of the front seat by front and back anatomic lines during front collisions of cars is performed. The statistically appreciable distinction of the quantity of the fractures of ribs by front and back surfaces in a driver and passenger is proved using the Student’s criterion providing the importance for determining the location of persons in a car during trauma inside it.
Forensic identification of the trauma instrument by traces
Abstract
The survey of the current possibilities of trace formation examinations is presented. The necessary conditions for their fulfilment, a series of peculiarities of the interpretation and assessment of results obtained in the course of examination are described. The principles, patterns and schemes of the identification of the trauma instrument by making traces on osseous and cartilaginous tissue are proposed.
On the problem of determination of the distance of the pneumatic rifle shot
Abstract
The criteria of determination of the distance of the «IZH-38» pneumatic rifle shot by peculiarities of lubricant deposits of the barrel bore on the vertical target wthi regard to its remoteness from the barrel cut are presented. The regularity of lubricant deposits on the target of an elliptic form in three zones: continuous, relatively continuous and solitary drops is revealed. The distance of the shot affects the formation, nature, relative position, combination and sizes of zones. The greatest distance of the shot comprises 185 sm wherein lubricant deposits on the target are revealed. The data obtained testify that for the pneumatic low-speed rifle the nature of lubricant deposits of the barrel bore around inlet bullet may serve as one of signs allowing to judge the distance of the shot.
Gas arms and affecting factors
Abstract
The information of the technical characteristics of some specimens of gas arms and ammunition is given. The formulas for calculation of biologically active substance concentration in air, determination of the dangerous zone of the gas jet action in shots are presented.
Dynamics of violent death in Tatarstan Republik from 1961 to 1993
Abstract
The results of the analysis of annual accounts of the Republican Bureau of forensic medical examination of the Ministry of Public Health in Tatarstan Republik on the deathrate structure from 1961 to 1992 are presented. The increase of extensive indices of violent death in Tatarstan Republik is established and the data of the dynamics of various types of death are generalized.
Mechanisms of squeeze of the neck by the parts of unarmed person’s body
Abstract
Based on the literature and conclusions of experts it is stated that the neck can be squeezed not only by hands but by a forarm, arm and forearm, knee, crus, foot. The basic mechanisms of squeeze of the neck by these parts of the body and possible positions of a victim and an attacking person in the moment of strangling are shown.
Some problems in forensic medical examination of inviolent death cases
Abstract
The basic differences between pathoanatomical and forensic medical examinations of corpses are surveyed. The importance of histological examinations for diagnosis is stressed, the measures to provide catamnestic findings and the concept of systematic approach to the pathology detected in sudden death cases using forensic medical data are proposed, the diagnostic system developed and introduced by the authors to differentiate ischemic heart disease, alcoholic cardiomyopathy and acute alcoholic poisoning is characterized.
Possibilities to use the state of microhemocirculation ways in the diagnosis of various types of death
Abstract
The results of study of the peculiarities of microhemocirculation in various types of violent death are presented. The importance of changes of microcirculatory channel of organs and tissue in thanatogenesis, determination of the remoteness and lifetime of pathologic processes, explanation of the death reasons is shown.
Medico-statistical analysis of completed suicides in 1988—1992
Abstract
The results of forensic medical examination of the corpses of persons committing suicides are analysed. The seasonal variations of suicides number are revealed, the distribution of the death-roll by sex and age is shown, the rate of various methods of suicides is determined.
Determination of controversial paternity by means of the polimerasic chain reaction and examination of polymorphic alleles locuses
Abstract
The results of application of the polimerasic chain reaction (PCR) to determine controversial paternity are presented. This method allows to establish reliably whether or not an individual is a father. The primers complementary to hypervariable locuses of genes apo B, pYNZ 22, HVR—JgH, p MCT 118, p33.6 are used in the reaction. The results of the investigation are illustrated by the electrophoregrams, table and mathematic calculations. The possibility to determine controversial paternity for a some time with reliable indices is shown using the examination of polymorphic alleles of various individuals as an example.
Automated diagnosis of individualizing peculiarities of oftuse metal trauma instruments by means of head injuries
Abstract
The results of years-old investigations devoted to the identification of obtuse metal trauma instruments are presented. The patterns of injuries occuring in various examination situations are systematized, and combined programs for personal computers are developed being a prime applied consideration and may hame a wide application in routine work of experts.
Experience of the introduction of physicochemical methods of the analysis in forensic chemical examinations
Abstract
The data provide a wide use of gaschro-matographic method in revealing aliphatic alcohols, chloroorganic solvents, aromatic hydrocarbons, acetone, glycols and their ethers, a series of medicinal drugs (diphenylhydramine hydrochloride, phenothiasine derivatives and their methabolites, barbital derivatives, amitryptyline, trimeperidine hydrochloride and etc.) phosphoroorganic pesticides, carbon oxides. For their determination the home and foreign gas chromatographs are used with the following detectors: on heat conduction, ionization and flame, flame and photometry, electron capture.
On the computerization of the activity of the forensic medical examination bureau
Abstract
The combined programme of systems created to satisfy many vital needs of the service is characterised. The data presented are of interast to the represantatives of different fields of medicine and may give real help in the introduction of computers in health services institutions.
Method of the early diagnosis of postoperative mediastinitis
Abstract
The method of the study of change of the inflammation cellular phases in a wound discharge is proposed allowing to diagnose timely the initial process of mediastinitis development and to perform the preventive measures directed against suppuration.
Characteristic of antiadhesive properties of the saliva of newborns and breast milk of their mothers
Abstract
The estimation of the effect of saliva and breast milk on the adhesion of fungus C. albicans to literal epithelium surface is given. The reduction of adhesive activity of the saliva in newborns, patients with acute respiratory disease and breast wilk in sick mothers is noted. The antiadhesive activity of colostrum is higher than of mature breats wilk.
Diagnosis of complications of duodenopancreatobiliary system in acute viral hepatitis
Abstract
The index of spontaneous and stimulating chemiluminescence of neutrophiles in patients with acute viral hepatitis in acute inflamations, dyskinesia process of gastropancreaticoduodenobiligenesis system and in acute chronic diseases of the organs of gastroenteric and biligenesis systems is studied. The coefficient of reactivity of neutrophiles provides the diagnosis of acute inflammation, dyskinesia process of gastropancreaticoduodenobiligenesis systems in acute viral hepatitis. It is important for the modification of the treatment of patients.
Reviews
Modern ideas about the structural and functional features of the "shock lung"
Abstract
At present, mechanical and thermal injuries play an important role in the structure of mortality and lethality of the most able-bodied population. This is largely due to the development of multisystem or multiple organ failure after shock damage [20, 24]. One should agree with the opinion of Yu. Shuteu et al. [21] that among the vital organs, the damage of which is of decisive importance in the evolution of shock, the lungs have a primary role. According to numerous literature data, the involvement of the lungs in the pathological process increases the possibility of death in various types of shock from 25.5% to 85-90% [15, 34]. The totality of structural and functional changes in the lung that occur after exposure to the body of extreme factors is designated in the literature by various terms, most often as "acute respiratory failure syndrome", which in foreign literature corresponds to the name "adult respiratory distress syndrome", and in our country - "adult respiratory distress syndrome"(ARDS). In the literature, there are also such definitions of this condition as "wet (wet) lung", "water lung", "perfusion lung syndrome", "respiratory disorders syndrome", "Da Nang lung", "congestive atelectasis", "shock lung" or "lung with shock”, etc. Such an abundance of terms is caused by the often contradictory approach of researchers to the assessment of morphological and functional changes that occur in the lungs at various stages of extreme conditions.
The current state of the problem of the prescription of death
Abstract
The purpose of this article was an attempt to analyze the step-by-step development of one of the most complex issues of forensic medicine and the corresponding scientific direction, which is rightly considered to be the determination of the prescription of death (CSN).
Blood neutrophils and changes in their functional activity in case of shockogenic injuries
Abstract
Phagocytic reactions occupy one of the central places in the regulation of homeostasis and play an important role in the formation of pathological processes. Of particular importance among the latter is shock, which develops with powerful aggressive effects on the body and is accompanied by significant structural and functional changes that cover all systems, including phagocytic ones. By origin and structural and functional features, all phagocytic cells are divided into microphages (neutrophils) and macrophages (alveolar, Kupffer cells, monocytes, etc.).
Identification of objects and processes of forensic medicine
Abstract
The modern development of transport, the presence of a number of potentially dangerous industrial complexes, the threat of natural disasters at any time can lead to large-scale disasters. Examples are the earthquake in Ashgabat, Mexico City, Armenia, Iran, Los Angeles, the accident at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant, a number of major rail accidents in the country and abroad.
One of the important issues in such disasters is personal identification, which is carried out, as a rule, by external signs, finger patterns, bone remains, medical documents, photographs, etc.
Lectures
Conferences
Scientific-practical conference of forensic experts and criminalists of the Republic of Tatarstan (April 21-22, 1994, Kazan)
Abstract
Kazan hosted the XXVII scientific-practical conference of forensic experts and criminalists of Tatarstan, dedicated to the 125th anniversary of the founding of the independent department of forensic medicine at Kazan Medical University. Opening the conference, Deputy Minister of Health of Tatarstan R.G. Yamaleev and Rector of the Medical Institute, Corresponding Member RAMS, prof. N.Kh. Amirov noted the increasing importance of expert research in improving the quality of medical and preventive care in solving crimes. In relation to the head of the Republican Bureau of Forensic Medical Examination of the Ministry of Health of the Republic of Tatarstan Yu.P. Kalinin, the main stages and prospects of the development of forensic medicine in Tatarstan were highlighted, and the speech of the head of the department, prof. G.M. Kharina was devoted to the history of the Kazan school of forensic doctors, its scientific directions and ways to improve teaching. Topical issues of licensing and accreditation of forensic medical institutions were discussed in the comprehensive service of the Chief Forensic Medical Expert of Russia Assoc. IN. Plaksin.
В научных медицинских обществах Татарстана
Society of Surgeons of the Republic of Tatarstan in 1993
Abstract
The two years that have passed since the re-election in January 1992 of the composition of the board have turned out to be extremely difficult for the scientific society of surgeons of the Republic of Tatarstan. Despite the difficult economic situation, the society during this time managed to survive and not only continue, but also intensify its activities. In many ways, this became possible thanks to the direct support and assistance from the Ministry of Health of the Republic of Tatarstan, the leadership of the Republican Medical Center of the Ministry of Health of the Republic of Tatarstan, the chief surgeon of the health department, the head of the Kazan administration, for which the board expresses its sincere gratitude.