The problem of choledocholithiasis in the light of laparoscopic cholecystectomy

Currently, in most developed countries, laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LCE) is the surgery of choice for cholelithiasis (GI) [2, 14, 20]. However, in patients with complicated forms of GI, its successful implementation depended on solving a number of issues related to preoperative diagnosis and treatment tactics. Laparoscopic operations are characterized by unusual exposure for the surgeon, the impossibility of palpation of the intervention zone and, finally, the technical difficulties that arise when performing additional manipulations in non-standard situations. In particular, choledocholithiasis is a serious problem when performing LHE and forces, among other main reasons, to switch from laparoscopic surgery to open surgery [18]. Therefore, the diagnosis of choledocholithiasis and treatment tactics for LHE require special attention.