Metal-ligand forms of iron and zinc in the human body

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Abstract

Metals have a wide range of effects on biological processes, playing an important role in maintaining the functioning of the human body. However, many metals, including essential elements, can have a toxic effect on the body, leading to pathological processes. The biological role of an element depends on a number of physicochemical facts, such as the oxidation degree and the formation of metal-ligand organic and inorganic complexes. For example, most of the iron binds to transferrin and ferritin ensuring the safe transportation of the fenton-active trivalent metal ions in the bloodstream. Free Fe3+ ions lead to the formation of reactive oxygen species and further damage of cell structures. Thus, the chemical form of the element determines the toxicokinetics and toxicodynamics of metals. Knowledge in total exposure of elements in biological fluids is not enough to understand the complex mechanism of biological and abnormal reactions. It is necessary to study the interaction of metal elements with various ligands such as high- and low-molecular compounds (proteins, polysaccharides, nucleic acids, citrates, amino acids). In this regard, the application of modern analytical methods is becoming increasingly important to obtain qualitative and quantitative data on elements, ionic forms, speciation and functions in biological systems. The combination of these methods is called “speciation analysis”, which is a well-established way to study the biological role and metabolism of trace ­elements. This article reviews the main metal-ligand forms of iron (transferrin, albumin, ferritin and citrate) and zinc (albumin, α2-macroglobulin, IgG, transcuprein, metallothioneins, ZIP and ZnT transporters). This information can be useful both in fundamental and applied researches in the biology and medicine.

About the authors

Svetlana V. Notova

Federal Research Centre of Biological Systems and Agrotechnologies of the Russian Academy of Sciences,

Email: molgav1995@gmail.com
ORCID iD: 0000-0002-6378-4522
Scopus Author ID: 56191782800

M.D., Doct. Sci. (Med.), Prof., Chief Researcher

Russian Federation, Orenburg, Russia

Tatyana V. Kazakova

Federal Research Centre of Biological Systems and Agrotechnologies of the Russian Academy of Sciences

Email: vaisvais13@mail.ru
ORCID iD: 0000-0003-3717-4533
Scopus Author ID: 7004416006

M.D., Junior Researcher, Laboratory of Molecular Genetic Research and Metallomics in Animal Husbandry

Russian Federation, Orenburg, Russia

Olga V. Marshinskaya

Federal Research Centre of Biological Systems and Agrotechnologies of the Russian Academy of Sciences

Email: m.olja2013@yandex.ru
ORCID iD: 0000-0002-5611-5128
Scopus Author ID: 57212193944

M.D., Junior Researcher, Laboratory of Molecular Genetic Research and Metallomics in Animal Husbandry

Russian Federation, Orenburg, Russia

Oksana V. Shoshina

Federal Research Centre of Biological Systems and Agrotechnologies of the Russian Academy of Sciences

Author for correspondence.
Email: efftreaty@yandex.ru

M.D., PhD student

Russian Federation, ­Orenburg, Russia

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