Modern concepts about the pathogenesis of thrombosis of various etiologies

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Abstract

Thrombosis becomes the cause and complication of many cardiovascular diseases, and their prevalence remains a leader in the structure of morbidity and mortality in Russia and throughout the world. Modern fundamental and clinical research has significantly supplemented traditional ideas about the mechanisms of thrombus formation. First of all, Virchow's triad has been rethought, in which, according to new data, the leading role is assigned to vascular damage, and slowing down blood flow plays a primary role in the formation of only venous, but not arterial, blood clots. In recent years, the mechanisms of endothelial dysfunction underlying thrombosis associated with inflammatory (immunothrombosis) and atherosclerotic (atherothrombosis) damage to the vascular wall have been studied in detail. The cellular and molecular mechanisms of acquired hypercoagulability and hereditary thrombophilia have been deciphered. The traditional concept of dividing blood clots into “red” (venous, consisting of fibrin and red blood cells) and “white” (arterial, platelet) is being revised. It has been shown that red blood cells can occupy most of the volume of not only venous, but also arterial thrombi, and play an important role in thrombus formation reactions. The process of compression (contraction, retraction) of blood clots, caused by contraction of activated platelets, changing the structure of the blood clot and affecting the course and outcome of thrombosis, is being actively studied. A deep understanding of the pathogenesis of thrombosis, taking into account modern concepts, is necessary for effective prevention, early diagnosis and treatment of thrombotic conditions.

About the authors

Rafael R. Khismatullin

Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan (Volga Region) Federal University

Author for correspondence.
Email: rafael.khismatullin@gmail.com
ORCID iD: 0000-0001-8597-811X
SPIN-code: 2802-2405
Scopus Author ID: 57201333953
ResearcherId: AAT-8662-2020

M.D., Cand. Sci. (Med.), Senior Lecturer, Depart. of Morphology and General Pathology, Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology; Pathologist, Pathoanatomical Depart., Medical and Sanitary Unit

Russian Federation, Kazan, Russia

Rustem I. Litvinov

Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania

Email: rustempa@gmail.com
ORCID iD: 0000-0003-0643-1496
SPIN-code: 1327-1641
Scopus Author ID: 35565337800
ResearcherId: E-5291-2011

M.D., D. Sci. (Med.), Prof., Senior Research Investigator, Depart. of Cell and Developmental Biology

United States, Philadelphia, United States of America

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2. Fig. 1. Virchow’s triad and venous thrombosis

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