Modern concepts of etiology, pathogenesis and risk factors for preeclampsia
- Authors: Abramova M.Y.1, Churnosov M.I.1
-
Affiliations:
- Belgorod National Research University
- Issue: Vol 70, No 5 (2021)
- Pages: 105-116
- Section: Reviews
- URL: https://journals.rcsi.science/jowd/article/view/77046
- DOI: https://doi.org/10.17816/JOWD77046
- ID: 77046
Cite item
Abstract
Preeclampsia is a serious complication of pregnancy and complicates its course in 2-8% of all cases. According to the literature, the disease is associated with an increase in maternal and perinatal morbidity and mortality, and is a predictor of the development of chronic diseases in the distant future, which is an important medical and social issue. Of particular interest is the study of the molecular mechanisms of etiopathogenesis and risk factors for preeclampsia, which, unfortunately, are currently poorly studied and understood, thus dictating the need for further study of this complication of pregnancy. This article discusses the current understanding of the etiology, pathogenesis and risk factors for preeclampsia.
Keywords
Full Text
##article.viewOnOriginalSite##About the authors
Maria Yu. Abramova
Belgorod National Research University
Author for correspondence.
Email: abramova_myu@bsu.edu.ru
ORCID iD: 0000-0002-1406-2515
Scopus Author ID: 57212494118
MD
Russian Federation, BelgorodMikhail I. Churnosov
Belgorod National Research University
Email: churnosov@bsu.edu.ru
ORCID iD: 0000-0003-1254-6134
Scopus Author ID: 6601948788
MD, Dr. Sci. (Med.), Professor
Russian Federation, BelgorodReferences
- Reshetnikov EA. rs34845949 polymorphism of the SASH1 gene is associated with the risk of preeclampsia. Research Results in Biomedicine. 2021;7(1):44−55. (In Russ.). doi: 10.18413/2658-6533-2020-7-1-0-4
- WHO Guidelines Approved by the Guidelines Review Committee. WHO recommendations for prevention and treatment of pre-eclampsia and eclampsia. World Health Organization; 2011. [cited 23 Aug 2021]. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23741776/
- Osnovnye pokazateli zdorov’ja materi i rebenka, dejatel’nost’ sluzhby ohrany detstva i rodovspomozhenija v Rossijskoj Federacii. Statisticheskij sbornik 2018. Moscow; 2019. [cited 23.08.2021]. Available from: https://minzdrav.gov.ru/ministry/61/22/stranitsa-979/statisticheskie-i-informatsionnye-materialy/statisticheskiy-sbornik-2018-god. (In Russ.)
- Garovic VD, White WM, Vaughan L, et al. Incidence and long-term outcomes of hypertensive disorders of pregnancy. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2020;75(18):2323−2334. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2020.03.028
- Ivanov II., Cheripk MV, Kosolapova NV, et al. Preeklampsiya beremennyh: osobennosti patogeneza, taktiki vedeniya. Tavricheskij mediko-biologicheskij vestnik. 2012;15(2):273−286. (In Russ.)
- Golovchenko O, Abramova M, Ponomarenko I, et al. Functionally significant polymorphisms of ESR1and PGR and risk of intrauterine growth restriction in population of central Russia. European Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Reproductive Biology. 2020; 253:52−57. doi: 10.1016/j.ejogrb.2020.07.045
- Pankiewicz K, Fijałkowska A, Issat T, et al. Insight into the key points of preeclampsia pathophysiology: Uterine artery remodeling and the role of MicroRNAs. Int J Mol Sci. 2021;22(6):3132. doi: 10.3390/ijms22063132
- Hodzhaeva ZS, Holin AM, Vihljaeva EM. Rannjaja i pozdnjaja prejeklampsija: paradigmy patobiologii i klinicheskaja praktika. Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2013;(10):4−11. (In Russ.)
- Ogge G, Chaiworapongsa T, Romero R, et al. Placental lesions associated with maternal underperfusion are more frequent in early-onset than in late-onset preeclampsia. J Perinat Med. 2011;39(6):641−652. doi: 10.1515/jpm.2011.098
- Ajlamazjan JeK, Stepanova OI, Sel’kov SA, Sokolov DI. Kletki immunnoj sistemy materi i kletki trofoblasta: “Konstruktivnoe sotrudnichestvo” radi dostizhenija sovmestnoj celi. Vestnik Rossijskoj akademii medicinskih nauk. 2013;68(11):12−21. (In Russ.)
- Moser G, Windsperger K, Pollheimer J, et al. Human trophoblast invasion: new and unexpected routes and functions. Histochem Cell Biol. 2018;150(4):361−370. doi: 10.1007/s00418-018-1699-0
- Highet AR, Khoda SM, Buckberry S, et al. Hypoxia induced HIF-1/HIF-2 activity alters trophoblast transcriptional regulation and promotes invasion. Eur J Cell Biol. 2015;94(12):589−602. doi: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2015.10.004
- Prossler J, Chen Q, Chamley L, James JL. The relationship between TGF, low oxygen and the outgrowth of extravillous trophoblasts from anchoring villi during the first trimester of pregnancy. Cytokine. 2014;68(1):9−15. doi: 10.1016/j.cyto.2014.03.001
- Albers RE, Kaufman MR, Natale BV, et al. Trophoblast-specific expression of hif-1 results in preeclampsia-like symptoms and fetal growth restriction. Sci Rep. 2019;9(1):2742. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-39426-5
- Qu H, Yu Q, Jia B, et al. HIF-3 affects preeclampsia development by regulating EVT growth via activation of the Flt-1/JAK/STAT signaling pathway in hypoxia. Mol Med Rep. 2021;23(1):1. doi: 10.3892/mmr.2020.11701
- Jena MK, Sharma NR, Petitt M, et al. Pathogenesis of preeclampsia and therapeutic approaches targeting the placenta. Biomolecules. 2020;10(6):953. doi: 10.3390/biom10060953
- Yagel S, Cohen SM, Goldman-Wohl D. An integrated model of preeclampsia: a multifaceted syndrome of the maternal cardiovascular-placental-fetal array. American journal of obstetrics and gynecology. 2020;S0002-9378(20)31197−31202. doi: 10.1016/j.ajog.2020.10.023
- Vaka VR, McMaster KM, Cunningham MW Jr., et al. Role of mitochondrial dysfunction and reactive oxygen species in mediating hypertension in the reduced uterine perfusion pressure rat model of preeclampsia. Hypertension. 2018;72(3):703−711. doi: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.118.11290
- Pogorelova TN, Krukier II, Gunko VO, et al. The imbalance of vasoactive components and arachidonic acid in the placenta and amniotic fluid in preeclampsia. Biomedicinskaja himija. 2019;65(3):245−250. (In Russ.). doi: 10.18097/PBMC20196503245
- Taysi S, Tascan AS, Ugur MG, Demir M. Radicals, oxidative/nitrosative stress and preeclampsia. Mini Rev Med Chem. 2019;19(3):178−193. doi: 10.2174/1389557518666181015151350
- Tenório MB, Ferreira RC, Moura FA, et al. Cross-talk between oxidative stress and inflammation in preeclampsia. Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2019;2019:8238727. doi: 10.1155/2019/8238727
- Tal R, Shaish A, Barshack I, et al. Effects of hypoxia-inducible factor-1alpha overexpression in pregnant mice: possible implications for preeclampsia and intrauterine growth restriction. Am J Pathol. 2010;177:2950–2962. doi: 10.2353/ajpath.2010.090800
- Wang A, Rana S, Karumanchi SA. Preeclampsia: the role of angiogenic factors in its pathogenesis. Physiology (Bethesda). 2009;24:147−158. doi: 10.1152/physiol.00043.2008
- Reshetnikov E, Ponomarenko I, Golovchenko O, et al. The VNTR polymorphism of the endothelial nitric oxide synthase gene and blood pressure in women at the end of pregnancy. Taiwanese Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2019;58(3):390−395. doi: 10.1016/j.tjog.2018.11.035
- Steinberg G, Khankin EV, Karumanchi SA. Angiogenic factors and preeclampsia. Thromb Res. 2009;123(Suppl 2):S93−99. doi: 10.1016/S0049-3848(09)70020-9
- Iskakova SS, Zharmahanova GM, Dvoracka M. Harakteristika proangiogennyh faktorov i ih patogeneticheskaja rol’. Nauka i zdravoohranenie. 2013;(6):8−12. (In Russ.)
- Strizhakov AN, Timokhina EV, Ibragimova SM, et al. A novel approach to the differential prognosis of early and late preeclampsia. Akusherstvo, ginekologija i reprodukcija. 2018;12(2):55−61. (In Russ.). doi: 10.17749/2313-7347.2018.12.2.055-061
- Chen J, Khalil RA. Matrix metalloproteinases in normal pregnancy and preeclampsia. Prog Mol Biol Transl Sci. 2017;148:87−165. doi: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2017.04.001
- Reshetnikov EA, Akulova LY, Dobrodomova IS, et al. The insertion-deletion polymorphism of the ACE gene is associated with increased blood pressure in women at the end of pregnancy. J Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone Syst. 2015;16(3):623−632. doi: 10.1177/1470320313501217
- Herse F, LaMarca B. Angiotensin II type 1 receptor autoantibody (AT1-AA)-mediated pregnancy hypertension. Am J Reprod Immunol. 2013;69:413–418. doi: 10.1111/aji.12072
- Cunningham MW, Williams JM Jr, Amaral L, et al. Agonistic autoantibodies to the angiotensin II type 1 receptor enhance angiotensin II-induced renal vascular sensitivity and reduce renal function during pregnancy. Hypertension. 2016;68(5):1308–1313. doi: 10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.116.07971
- Aneman I, Pienaar D, Suvakov S, et al. Mechanisms of key innate immune cells in early- and late-onset preeclampsia. Front Immunol. 2020;11:1864. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2020. 01864
- Yang X, Yang Y, Yuan Y, et al. The roles of uterine natural killer (NK) cells and KIR/HLA-C combination in the development of preeclampsia: A systematic review. BioMed research international. 2020;2020:4808072. doi: 10.1155/2020/4808072
- Phipps EA, Thadhani R, Benzing T, et al. Pre-eclampsia: pathogenesis, novel diagnostics and therapies. Nat Rev Nephrol. 2019;15:275–289. doi: 10.1038/s41581-019-0119-6
- Kudryavtsev IV, Borisov AG, Vasilyeva EV, et al. Phenotypic characterisation of peripheral blood cytotoxic T lymphocytes: regulatory and effector molecules. Medicinskaja immunologija. 2018;20(2):227−240. (In Russ.). doi: 10.15789/1563-0625-2018-2-227-240
- Robertson SA, Care AS, Moldenhauer LM. Regulatory T cells in embryo implantation and the immune response to pregnancy. J Clin Invest. 2018;128(10):4224−4235. doi: 10.1172/JCI122182
- Frejdlin IS. Reguljatornye T-kletki: proishozhdenie i funkcii. Medicinskaja immunologija. 2005;7(4):347−354. (In Russ.)
- Teirilä L, Heikkinen-Eloranta J, Kotimaa J, et al. Regulation of the complement system and immunological tolerance in pregnancy. Semin immunol. 2019;45:101337. doi: 10.1016/j.smim.2019.101337
- Ives CW, Sinkey R, Rajapreyar I, et al. Preeclampsia-pathophysiology and clinical presentations: JACC State-of-the-Art review. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2020;76(14):1690−1702. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2020.08.014
- Verdonk K, Visser W, Van Den Meiracker AH, Danser AH. The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system in pre-eclampsia: the delicate balance between good and bad. Clin Sci (Lond). 2014;126(8):537−544. doi: 10.1042/CS20130455
- LaMarca B, Cornelius DC, Harmon AC, et al. Identifying immune mechanisms mediating the hypertension during preeclampsia. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. 2016;311(1):R1−9. doi: 10.1152/ajpregu.00052.2016
- Giannakou K, Evangelou E, Papatheodorou SI. Genetic and non-genetic risk factors for pre-eclampsia: umbrella review of systematic reviews and meta-analyses of observational studies. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2018;51(6):720−730. doi: 10.1002/uog.18959
- Golovchenko OV, Abramova MYu, Ponomarenko IV, Churnosov MI. Polymorphic loci of the ESR1 gene are associated with the risk of developing preeclampsia with fetal growth retardation. Akusherstvo, Ginekologija i Reprodukcija. 2020;14(6):583–591. (In Russ.). doi: 10.17749/2313-7347/ob.gyn.rep.2020.187
- Rana S, Lemoine E, Granger JP, Karumanchi SA. Preeclampsia: pathophysiology, challenges, and perspectives. Circ Res. 2019;124(7):1094−1112. doi: 10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.118.313276
- Panaitescu AM, Syngelaki A, Prodan N, et al. Chronic hypertension and adverse pregnancy outcome: a cohort study. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2017;50(2):228−235. doi: 10.1002/uog.17493
- Nzelu D, Dumitrascu-Biris D, Nicolaides KH, Kametas NA. Chronic hypertension: first-trimester blood pressure control and likelihood of severe hypertension, preeclampsia, and small for gestational age. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2018;218(3):337.e1−337.e7. doi: 10.1016/j.ajog.2017.12.235
- He XJ, Dai RX, Hu CL. Maternal prepregnancy overweight and obesity and the risk of preeclampsia: A meta-analysis of cohort studies. Obes Res Clin Pract. 2020;14(1):27−33. doi: 10.1016/j.orcp.2020.01.004
- Lewandowska M, Więckowska B, Sajdak S, Lubiński J. Pre-pregnancy obesity vs. other risk factors in probability models of preeclampsia and gestational hypertension. Nutrients. 2020;12(9):2681. doi: 10.3390/nu12092681
- Kalinkina OB, Spiridonova NV. Osobennosti techenija gestoza u zhenshhin s izbytochnoj massoj tela i ozhireniem. Fundamental’nye issledovanija. 2012;10(2):247−249. (In Russ.)
- Brosens I, Pijnenborg R, Vercruysse L, Romero R. The “Great Obstetrical Syndromes” are associated with disorders of deep placentation. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2011;204(3):193−201. doi: 10.1016/j.ajog.2010.08.009
- Mello G, Parretti E, Marozio L, et al. Thrombophilia is significantly associated with severe preeclampsia: results of a large-scale, case-controlled study. Hypertension. 2005;46(6):1270−1274. doi: 10.1161/01.HYP.0000188979.74172.4d
- Belinina AA, Mozgovaya EV, Remneva OV. Spectrum of genetic thrombophilia in pregnant women with varying severity of preeclampsia. Bjulleten’ medicinskoj nauki. 2020;1(17):29−33. (In Russ.)
- Mitriuc D, Popuşoi O, Catrinici R, Friptu V. The obstetric complications in women with hereditary thrombophilia. Med Pharm Rep. 2019;92(2):106−110. doi: 10.15386/cjmed-1097
- Kapustin RV, Tsybuk EM. Predictors for preeclampsia in pregnant women with diabetes mellitus. Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2020;(12):54−61. (In Russ.). doi: 10.18565/aig.2020.12.54-61
- Lisonkova S, Joseph KS. Incidence of preeclampsia: risk factors and outcomes associated with early- versus late-onset disease. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2013;209(6):544.e1−544.e12. doi: 10.1016/j.ajog.2013.08.019
- Bramham K. Diabetic nephropathy and pregnancy. Semin Nephrol. 2017;37(4):362−369. doi: 10.1016/j.semnephrol.2017.05.008
- Hauth JC, Clifton RG, Roberts JM, et al. Maternal insulin resistance and preeclampsia. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2011;204(4):327.e1−6. doi: 10.1016/j.ajog.2011.02.024
- Boyd HA, Tahir H, Wohlfahrt J, Melbye M. Associations of personal and family preeclampsia history with the risk of early-, intermediate- and late-onset preeclampsia. Am J Epidemiol. 2013;178(11):1611−1619. doi: 10.1093/aje/kwt189
- Caughey AB, Stotland NE, Washington AE, Escobar GJ. Maternal ethnicity, paternal ethnicity, and parental ethnic discordance: predictors of preeclampsia. Obstet Gynecol. 2005;106(1):156−161. doi: 10.1097/01.AOG.0000164478.91731.06
- Gyamfi-Bannerman C, Pandita A, Miller EC, et al. Preeclampsia outcomes at delivery and race. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 2020;33(21):3619−3626. doi: 10.1080/14767058.2019.1581522
- Zhang N, TanJ, Yang H, Khalil RA. Comparative risks and predictors of preeclamptic pregnancy in the Eastern, Western and developing world. Biochem Pharmacol. 2020;182:114247. doi: 10.1016/j.bcp.2020.114247
- Yong HEJ, Murthi P, Brennecke SP, Moses EK. Genetic approaches in preeclampsia. Methods Mol Biol. 2018;1710:53−72. doi: 10.1007/978-1-4939-7498-6_5
- Serrano NC, Quintero-Lesmes DC, Dudbridge F, et al. Family history of pre-eclampsia and cardiovascular disease as risk factors for pre-eclampsia: the GenPE case-control study. Hypertens Pregnancy. 2020;39(1):56−63. doi: 10.1080/10641955.2019.1704003
- Bezerra PC, Leão MD, Queiroz JW, et al. Family history of hypertension as an important risk factor for the development of severe preeclampsia. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 2010;89(5):612−617. doi: 10.3109/00016341003623720
- Ness RB, Markovic N, Bass D, et al. Family history of hypertension, heart disease, and stroke among women who develop hypertension in pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol. 2003;102(6):1366−1371. doi: 10.1016/j.obstetgynecol.2003.08.011
Supplementary files
