Fetal growth restriction: ways to the solution of the problem. A literature review
- Authors: Shcherbakova E.A.1, Baranov A.N.1, Revako P.P.1, Istomina N.G.1, Burenkov G.M.1
-
Affiliations:
- Northern State Medical University
- Issue: Vol 71, No 6 (2022)
- Pages: 83-95
- Section: Reviews
- URL: https://journals.rcsi.science/jowd/article/view/125979
- DOI: https://doi.org/10.17816/JOWD61809
- ID: 125979
Cite item
Abstract
Fetal growth restriction is a condition that is defined as the inability of a fetus to reach its full genetically determined growth potential. The mechanism underlying the pathogenesis is a placental dysfunction in the form of inadequate supply of oxygen and nutrients to the fetus. Clinically, this is reflected by a drop in fetal size percentiles over the course of gestation. Worldwide, fetal growth restriction is a leading cause of stillbirth, neonatal mortality and morbidity in postnatal period. Prenatal identification of fetuses with this pathology significantly reduces the incidence of adverse perinatal outcomes. However, recognizing this pathology is often a hard challenge because fetal growth cannot be assessed using only a few biometric parameters of fetal size and the fetal growth potential is hypothetical. It is also necessary to distinguish between fetal growth restriction and a fetus small for gestational age to determine the correct the management of pregnancy and the timing of delivery. In this article, we present the approaches to the management of pregnancies and deliveries in fetal growth restriction, and we identify directions for further research in this area.
Keywords
Full Text
##article.viewOnOriginalSite##About the authors
Elizaveta A. Shcherbakova
Northern State Medical University
Email: lliza140395@rambler.ru
ORCID iD: 0000-0001-6297-4415
SPIN-code: 3368-0356
Scopus Author ID: 57226647682
Russian Federation, Arkhangelsk
Alexey N. Baranov
Northern State Medical University
Email: a.n.baranov2011@yandex.ru
ORCID iD: 0000-0003-2530-0379
SPIN-code: 5935-5163
MD, Dr. Sci. (Med.), Professor
Russian Federation, ArkhangelskPavel P. Revako
Northern State Medical University
Email: p.p.revako@gmail.com
ORCID iD: 0000-0002-2723-2659
SPIN-code: 5203-1278
MD, Cand. Sci. (Med.), Assistant Professor
Russian Federation, ArkhangelskNatalya G. Istomina
Northern State Medical University
Email: nataly.istomina@gmail.com
ORCID iD: 0000-0001-9214-8923
SPIN-code: 3839-9145
MD, Cand. Sci. (Med.), Assistant Professor
Russian Federation, ArkhangelskGennady M. Burenkov
Northern State Medical University
Author for correspondence.
Email: g.burenckow@yandex.ru
ORCID iD: 0000-0002-2871-107X
SPIN-code: 1095-7250
MD, Cand. Sci. (Med.), Assistant Professor
Russian Federation, ArkhangelskReferences
- Akusherstvo. Natsional’noe rukovodstvo. Kratkoe izdanie. Ed. by E.K. Aylamazyan, V.N. Serov, V.E. Radzinskiy, et al. Moscow: GEOTAR-Media; 2021. (In Russ.)
- Nedostatochnyi rost ploda, trebuyushchii predostavleniya meditsinskoi pomoshchi materi (zaderzhka rosta ploda). Klinicheskie rekomendatsii. 2022. (In Russ.). [cited 2022 Nov 12]. Available from: http://www.consultant.ru/document/cons_doc_LAW_409414
- Melamed N, Baschat A, Yinon Y, et al. FIGO (International Federation of Gynecology and obstetrics) initiative on fetal growth: best practice advice for screening, diagnosis, and management of fetal growth restriction. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 2021;152(Suppl. 1):3–57. doi: 10.1002/ijgo.13522
- Nawathe A., Lees C. Early onset fetal growth restriction. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol. 2017;38:24–37. doi: 10.1016/j.bpobgyn.2016.08.005
- Andreasen LA, Tabor A, Nørgaard LN, et al. Why we succeed and fail in detecting fetal growth restriction: a population-based study. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 2021;100(5):893–899. doi: 10.1111/aogs.14048
- Lubrano C, Taricco E, Coco C, et al. Perinatal and neonatal outcomes in fetal growth restriction and small for gestational age. J Clin Med. 2022;11(10). doi: 10.3390/jcm11102729
- Gidi NW, Goldenberg RL, Nigussie AK, et al. Comparison of neonatal outcomes of small for gestational age and appropriate for gestational age preterm infants born at 28–36 weeks of gestation: a multicentre study in Ethiopia. BMJ Paediatr Open. 2020;4(1). doi: 10.1136/bmjpo-2020-000740
- Pels A, Beune IM, van Wassenaer-Leemhuis AG, et al. Early-onset fetal growth restriction: A systematic review on mortality and morbidity. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 2020;99(2):153–166. doi: 10.1111/aogs.13702
- Iliodromiti S, Mackay DF, Smith GC, et al. Customised and noncustomised birth weight centiles and prediction of stillbirth and infant mortality and morbidity: a cohort study of 979,912 term singleton pregnancies in Scotland. PLoS Med. 2017;14. doi: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1002228
- Gordijn SJ, Beune IM, Thilaganathan B, et al. Consensus definition of fetal growth restriction: a Delphi procedure. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2016;48(3):333–339. doi: 10.1002/uog.15884
- Lees CC, Stampalija T, Baschat AA, ISUOG practice guidelines: diagnosis and management of small-for-gestational-age fetus and fetal growth restriction. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2020;56:298–312. doi: 10.1002/uog.22134
- Hoftiezer L, Hof MHP, Dijs-Elsinga J, From population reference to national standard: new and improved birthweight charts. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2019;220(4):383.e1-383.e17. doi: 10.1016/j.ajog.2018.12.023
- Francis A, Hugh O, Gardosi J. Customized vs INTERGROWTH-21st standards for the assessment of birthweight and stillbirth risk at term. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2018;218(2S):S692–S699. doi: 10.1016/j.ajog.2017.12.013
- Villar J, Cheikh Ismail L, Staines Urias E, et al. The satisfactory growth and development at 2 years of age of the INTERGROWTH-21st Fetal Growth Standards cohort support its appropriateness for constructing international standards. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2018;218(2S):S841–S854.e2. doi: 10.1016/j.ajog.2017.11.564
- Gardosi J, Francis A, Turner S, et al. Customized growth charts: rationale, validation and clinical benefits. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2018;218(2S):S609–S618. doi: 10.1016/j.ajog.2017.12.011.
- Medvedev MV. Prenatal’naya ekhografiya: differentsial’nyi diagnoz i prognoz. Moscow: Moscow: Real’noe vremya, 2016. (In Russ.).
- The fetal medicine foundation. [Internet]. Risk assessment: risk for fetal growth restriction. [cited 11.10.2022]. Available from: https://fetalmedicine.org/research/assess/sga
- Ferraz MM, Araújo FDV, Carvalho PRN, et al. Aortic isthmus Doppler velocimetry in fetuses with intrauterine growth restriction: a literature review. Rev Bras Ginecol Obstet. 2020;42(5):289–296. doi: 10.1055/s-0040-1710301
- Peng Q, Zeng S, Zhou Q, et al. Different vasodilatation characteristics among the main cerebral arteries in fetuses with congenital heart defects. Sci Rep. 2018;8(1). doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-22663-5
- Pini N, Lucchini M, Esposito G. A machine learning approach to monitor the emergence of late intrauterine growth restriction. Front Artif Intell. 2021;4. doi: 10.3389/frai.2021.622616
- Wolf H, Arabin B, Lees CC, et al. Longitudinal study of computerized cardiotocography in early fetal growth restriction. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2017;50(1):71–78. doi: 10.1002/uog.17215
- Alfirevic Z, Stampalija T, Dowswell T. Fetal and umbilical Doppler ultrasound in high-risk pregnancies. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017;6. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD007529.pub4
- MacDonald TM, Hui L, Robinson AJ. Cerebral-placental-uterine ratio as novel predictor of late fetal growth restriction: prospective cohort study. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2019;54(3):367–375. doi: 10.1002/uog.20150
- Tanis JC, Schmitz DM, Boelen MR. Relationship between general movements in neonates who were growth restricted in utero and prenatal Doppler flow patterns. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2016;48:772–778. doi: 10.1002/uog.15903
- Gravett C, Eckert LO, Gravett MG, et al. Non-reassuring fetal status: case definition & guidelines for data collection, analysis, and presentation of immunization safety data. Vaccine. 2016;34(49):6084–6092. doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2016.03.043
- Baschat AA. Planning management and delivery of the growth restricted fetus. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol. 2018;49:53–65. doi: 10.1016/j.bpobgyn.2018.02.009
- Van Wassenaer-Leemhuis AG, Marlow N, Lees C, et al; TRUFFLE investigators. The association of neonatal morbidity with long-term neurological outcome in infants who were growth restricted and preterm at birth: secondary analyses from TRUFFLE (Trial of Randomized Umbilical and Fetal Flow in Europe). BJOG. 2017;124(7):1072–1078. doi: 10.1111/1471-0528.14511
- Sotiriadis A, Eleftheriades M, Papadopoulos V. Divergence of estimated fetal weight and birth weight in singleton fetuses. J Matern Neonatal Med. 2018;31:761–769. doi: 10.1080/14767058.2017.1297409
- Levytska K, Higgins M, Keating S. Placental pathology in relation to uterine artery Doppler findings in pregnancies with severe intrauterine growth restriction and abnormal umbilical artery Doppler changes. Am J Perinatol. 2017;34:451–457. doi: 10.1055/s-0036-1592347
- Ravikumar G, Crasta J. Do Doppler changes reflect pathology of placental vascular lesions in IUGR pregnancies? Pediatr Dev Pathol. 2019;22(5):410–419. doi: 10.1177/1093526619837790
- Fratelli N, Amighetti S, Bhide A. Ductus venosus Doppler waveform pattern in fetuses with early growth restriction. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 2020;99(5):608–614. doi: 10.1111/aogs.13782
- McCowan LM, Figueras F, Anderson NH. Evidence-based national guidelines for the management of suspected fetal growth restriction: comparison, consensus, and controversy. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2018;218(2S):S855–S868. doi: 10.1016/j.ajog.2017.12.004
- Frusca T, Todros T, Lees C, et al; TRUFFLE Investigators. Outcome in early-onset fetal growth restriction is best combining computerized fetal heart rate analysis with ductus venosus Doppler: insights from the Trial of Umbilical and Fetal Flow in Europe. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2018;218(2S):S783–S789. doi: 10.1016/j.ajog.2017.12.226
- Ting JY, Kingdom JC, Shah PS. Antenatal glucocorticoids, magnesium sulfate, and mode of birth in preterm fetal small for gestational age. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2018;218(2S):S818–S828. doi: 10.1016/j.ajog.2017.12.227
- Stampalija T, Arabin B, Wolf H, et al.; TRUFFLE investigators. Is middle cerebral artery Doppler related to neonatal and 2-year infant outcome in early fetal growth restriction? Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2017;216. doi: 10.1016/j.ajog.2017.01.001
- Benítez-Marín MJ, Marín-Clavijo J, Blanco-Elena JA, et al. Brain sparing effect on neurodevelopment in children with intrauterine growth restriction: a systematic review. Children (Basel). 2021;8(9):745. doi: 10.3390/children8090745
- Ganzevoort W, Mensing Van Charante N, Thilaganathan B, et al. How to monitor pregnancies complicated by fetal growth restriction and delivery before 32 weeks: post-hoc analysis of TRUFFLE study. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2017;49(6):769–777. doi: 10.1002/uog.17433
- Contag S, Brown C, Kopelman J, et al. Third trimester perinatal mortality associated with immediate delivery versus expectant management according to birthweight category. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 2017;30(14):1681–1688. doi: 10.1080/14767058.2016.1222367
- Beksac MS, Fadiloglu E, Tanacan A, et al. A cut-off value for gestational week at birth for better perinatal outcomes in early- and late-onset fetal growth restriction. Z Geburtshilfe Neonatol. 2019;223(5):289–296. doi: 10.1055/a-0882-7425
- Koehler RC, Yang ZJ, Lee JK, et al. Perinatal hypoxic-ischemic brain injury in large animal models: Relevance to human neonatal encephalopathy. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 2018;38(12):2092–2111. doi: 10.1177/0271678X18797328
- Medvedev MV, Altynnik NA. Skriningovoe ul’trazvukovoe issledovanie v 30–34 nedeli beremennosti. Moscow: Real Taim; 2018. (In Russ.)
- American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists’ Committee on Practice Bulletins — Obstetrics and the Society for Maternal-Fetal Medicin. ACOG Practice Bulletin No. 204 Summary: fetal growth restriction. Obstet Gynecol. 2019;133(2):390–392. doi: 10.1097/AOG.0000000000003071
- Martins JG, Biggio JR, Abuhamad A. Society for maternal-fetal medicine consult series No. 52: diagnosis and management of fetal growth restriction: (replaces clinical guideline number 3, April 2012). Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2020;223(4):B2–B17. doi: 10.1016/j.ajog.2020.05.010
- Hocquette A, Durox M, Wood R, et al. International versus national growth charts for identifying small and large-for-gestational age newborns: a population-based study in 15 European countries. Lancet Reg Health Eur. 2021;8. doi: 10.1016/j.lanepe.2021.100167
- Kesavan K, Devaskar SU. Intrauterine growth restriction: postnatal monitoring and outcomes. Pediatr Clin North Am. 2019;66(2):403–423. doi: 10.1016/j.pcl.2018.12.009
- Malacova E, Regan A, Nassar N, et al. Risk of stillbirth, preterm delivery, and fetal growth restriction following exposure in a previous birth: systematic review and meta-analysis. BJOG. 2018;125:183–192. doi: 10.1111/1471-0528.149063
- Xia TH, Tan M, Li JH, et al. Establish a normal fetal lung gestational age grading model and explore the potential value of deep learning algorithms in fetal lung maturity evaluation. Chin Med J. 2021;134(15):1828–1837. doi: 10.1097/CM9.0000000000001547
- Kim HS, Kim EK, Park HK, te al. Cognitive outcomes of children with very low birth weight at 3 to 5 years of age. J Korean Med Sci. 2020;35(1). doi: 10.3346/jkms.2020.35.e4