Ecological and genetic bases for construction of highly effective nitrogen-fixing microbe-plant symbioses

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Abstract

Expression of quantitative traits characterizing the N2-fixing symbiosis of nodule bacteria and leguminous plants is associated with operation of the evolutionary derived polygenic systems controlling the symbiotic efficiency (SE) (impact of inoculation on the plant productivity) and nodulation competitiveness (NC) (formation of nodules by rhizobia under mixed inoculation). Optimization of balance between positive and negative symbiotic regulators aimed at an increase of nitrogenase activity and at a complete allocation of its products into the plant metabolism provides the generation of rhizobia strains with high SE and NC. Inactivation of the negative symbiotic regulators often results in a decreased survival of rhizobia under the edaphic stresses but is responsible for a balanced increase of plant biomass and N accumulation. Improvement of symbiotic activity is to be based on the complementary interactions of microorganisms with the genetically engineered plant cultivars which are able for selection from soil of actively fi xing N2 rhizobia strains and for their preferential multiplication in nodules. Construction of highly effective microbe-plant systems should be based on modifications of mechanisms controlling symbiosis development from the plant and bacterial sides providing the maintenance of N2-fixing zone in nodules and synthesis of NCR proteins activating the bacteroid differentiation.

About the authors

Nikolai A. Provorov

All-Russia Research Institute for Agricultural Microbiology

Author for correspondence.
Email: provorovnik@yandex.ru
ORCID iD: 0000-0001-9091-9384
SPIN-code: 4548-1255
Scopus Author ID: 6701639336

Doctor of Biology, Director

Russian Federation, 3, Podbelsky highway, Pushkin, Saint-Petersburg, 196608

Olga P. Onishchuk

All-Russia Research Institute for Agricultural Microbiology

Email: olony@yandex.ru
SPIN-code: 9288-8781
Scopus Author ID: 6602697990

Leading Researcher, Laboratory 2

Russian Federation, 3, Podbelsky highway, Pushkin, Saint-Petersburg, 196608

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2. Fig. 1. Systemic regulation of N2-fixing symbiosis of a legume plant (by: [10], modified). CK – cytokinins; AUX – Auxins; miR – micro-RNA; NSP2 and AP2 – transcriptional regulators; CLE – proteins of the CLAVATA group, which are synthesized in the roots under the action of bacterial Nod-factors (NF) and migrate to the aboveground organs; LRR-RLK is a receptor-like kinase rich in leucine repeats. The arrows indicate activation, the symbol – the repression of the relevant process or regulatory element

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