A rational strategy for the maintenance of antiviral immunity to new SARS-CoV-2 strains

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Abstract

New variants of SARS-CoV-2 such as Omicron BA.2, BA.4/5, BA.2.12.1 and BA 2.75 are characterized by higher infectivity and the ability to escape virus-neutralizing antibodies against previous coronavirus variants. The S-trimer of BA.2 and its phylogenetic derivatives are characterized by a predominant «Up»-conformation, which facilitates the interaction with ACE2 on target cells and promotes the resistance to neutralizing antibodies. The immunity acquired from the infection with earlier strains is non-sterile for both early and later strains; the booster systemic immunization does not significantly affect the effectiveness of antiviral immunity, and its feasibility is currently being questioned. Studies of the mucosal immune response have shown that intranasal immunization with adenovirus vaccines provides more pronounced protective immunity than systemic reimmunization does. A promising approach is the creation of multivalent inhaled next generation vaccines containing immunoadjuvants that activate B- and T-cell mucosal immunity. Currently, a large number of intranasal vaccines are undergoing phase I/II trials, while the preclinical and preliminary clinical results indicate that this method of vaccination provides a better mucosal immune response at the entry site of the virus than systemic immunization does. This strategy may provide a long-term immune protection against the currently existing and yet unknown new strains of SARS-CoV-2.

About the authors

Vladimir P. Baklaushev

Federal Scientific and Clinical Center for Specialized Medical Assistance and Medical Technologies of the Federal Medical Biological Agency; Pulmonology Scientific Research Institute under Federal Medical and Biological Agency of Russian Federation; Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology of the Russian Academy of Sciences

Email: baklaushev.vp@fnkc-fmba.ru
ORCID iD: 0000-0003-1039-4245
SPIN-code: 3968-2971
https://fnkc-fmba.ru/about/komanda-upravleniya/

MD, PhD

Russian Federation, 28, Orekhovy blvd, Moscow, 115682; Moscow; Moscow

Gaukhar M. Yusubalieva

Federal Scientific and Clinical Center for Specialized Medical Assistance and Medical Technologies of the Federal Medical Biological Agency; Pulmonology Scientific Research Institute under Federal Medical and Biological Agency of Russian Federation

Email: gaukhar@gaukhar.org
ORCID iD: 0000-0003-3056-4889
SPIN-code: 1559-5866

MD, PhD

Russian Federation, 28, Orekhovy blvd, Moscow, 115682; Moscow

Mikhail V. Bychinin

Federal Scientific and Clinical Center for Specialized Medical Assistance and Medical Technologies of the Federal Medical Biological Agency

Email: drbychinin@gmail.com
ORCID iD: 0000-0001-8461-4867
SPIN-code: 6524-9947

MD, PhD

Russian Federation, 28, Orekhovy blvd, Moscow, 115682

Saule M. Yusubalieva

Astana Medical University

Email: sm_yusubalieva@mail.ru
ORCID iD: 0000-0002-8258-8148
Kazakhstan, Astana

Vladimir A. Kalsin

Federal Scientific and Clinical Center for Specialized Medical Assistance and Medical Technologies of the Federal Medical Biological Agency; Pulmonology Scientific Research Institute under Federal Medical and Biological Agency of Russian Federation

Email: vkalsin@mail.ru
ORCID iD: 0000-0003-2705-3578
SPIN-code: 1046-8801
Russian Federation, 28, Orekhovy blvd, Moscow, 115682; Moscow

Aleksandr V. Troitskiy

Federal Scientific and Clinical Center for Specialized Medical Assistance and Medical Technologies of the Federal Medical Biological Agency

Author for correspondence.
Email: dr.troitskiy@gmail.com
ORCID iD: 0000-0003-2143-8696
SPIN-code: 2670-6662

MD, PhD

Russian Federation, 28, Orekhovy blvd, Moscow, 115682

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2. Fig. 1. Evolution of new variants of SARS-CoV-2 superimposed on the “waves” of the pandemic: а — phylogeny of “variants of concern”; б — histogram of the incidence rates of different variants of SARS-CoV-2 in Europe (according to Gissad, https://gisaid.org/) against the background of the morbidity curve in Russia (according to www.yandex.ru). The figures at peaks indicate the daily increase in cases according to the official data.

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Copyright (c) 2022 Baklaushev V.P., Yusubalieva G.M., Bychinin M.V., Yusubalieva S.M., Kalsin V.A., Troitskiy A.V.

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