Domain Archaea – system overview, metabolism, biotechnological potential

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Abstract

An overview of Archaea, the most ancient domain of life, was carried out. The phylogenetic relationship of Archaea with bacteria and eukaryotes are considered, and the morpho-physiological characteristics of their main groups are given. The biotechnological potential of Archaea is discussed. Cost-effective products of Archaeal biosynthesis are bacterioruberin, squalene, bacteriorhodopsin and diester/tetraether lipids. The production of other metabolic products of Archaea, such as carotenoids, hydrogen, polyhydroxyalkanoates and methane, are in advanced stages of development. While the biological production of methane and hydrogen currently lags behind the profitability of petrochemical plants, research aimed at enhancing the efficiency of this process with the involvement of Archaea holds strategic significance. Archaea also represent a promising target for application in nanotechnology and bioengineering. The aim of the present review is to unveil the biotechnological potential of Archaea, provide an overview of the main groups within this domain, their morphophysiological characteristics, present a generalized metabolite profile of these groups, and outline the spectrum of productions involving these intriguing microorganisms.

About the authors

Ivan V. Zmitrovich

Komarov Botanical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences

Email: iv_zmitrovich@mail.ru
ORCID iD: 0000-0002-3927-2527
SPIN-code: 4155-3190
https://binran.ru/sotrudniki/4926/

D.Sc. in Biology, Leading Researcher, Laboratory of Systematics and Geography of the Fungi

Russian Federation, Saint Petersburg

Vladimir V. Perelygin

Saint Petersburg State Chemical and Pharmaceutical University

Email: vladimir.pereligin@pharminnotech.com
ORCID iD: 0000-0002-0999-5644
SPIN-code: 3128-7451

Doctor of Medicine (MD), Professor, Head of the Industrial Ecology Department

Russian Federation, Saint Petersburg

Mikhail V. Zharikov

Saint Petersburg State Chemical and Pharmaceutical University

Author for correspondence.
Email: zharikov.mihail@pharminnotech.com
ORCID iD: 0000-0003-0720-501X
SPIN-code: 7818-7228

Master of the Department of Industrial Ecology

Russian Federation, Saint Petersburg

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3. Fig. 2. Comparative characteristics of the cell membrane structure in archaeans, bacteria and eukaryotes [15]

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4. Fig. 3. Diversity of the structure of archaean envelopes [15]

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5. Fig. 4. Phylogenetic relationships within the main groups of prokaryotes, based on whole-proteome comparative studies, and the position of eukaryotes on the global tree of life [16]

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6. Fig. 5. Basal divergence of eukaryotes basing on multi-protein analyses [29]

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