Органофосфат-индуцированная отсроченная нейропатия: нерешенная проблема?

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Аннотация

В работе представлен обзор литературы за последние годы, посвященный отсроченной периферической нейропатии, обусловленной острым или хроническим низкодозовым воздействием фосфорорганическими соединениями (Organophosphate-induced delayed neuropathy, OPIDN). В обзоре рассмотрены особенности клинического течения заболевания, характеризующиеся наличием длительного латентного периода развития патологии после непосредственного воздействия токсикантами, и приведены примеры массовых и суицидальных отравлений. Описан морфологический субстрат OPIDN, характеризующийся отеком дистальных областей крупных аксонов, а также разобщением мембран миелиновых оболочек и впоследствии дегенерацией нервных волокон по типу валлеровской. Обсуждены роль шванновских клеток в регенерации поврежденных аксонов и клеточно-молекулярные механизмы, лежащие в основе передачи сигналов между аксоном и шванновской клеткой. Приведены основные гипотезы о нехолинергических механизмах патогенеза OPIDN. Особое внимание уделено роли нейротоксичной эстеразы как основной молекулярной мишени действия органофосфатов, системное ингибирование которой в комплексе с реакцией «старения» инициирует процесс развития OPIDN. Наряду с участием нейротоксичной эстеразы рассматривается потенциальная роль других молекулярных мишеней воздействия органофосфатов, окислительного стресса, нарушения механизмов регуляции кальция, нейровоспаление. Приведены примеры подходов к экспериментальному моделированию OPIDN с целью изучения механизмов ее развития как in vivo, так и in vitro.

Об авторах

Татьяна Николаевна Саватеева-Любимова

Научно-исследовательский институт гриппа им. А.А. Смородинцева

Email: drugs_safety@mail.ru
ORCID iD: 0000-0003-4516-3308
SPIN-код: 3543-6799

д-р мед. наук, профессор

Россия, Санкт-Петербург

Константин Владимирович Сивак

Научно-исследовательский институт гриппа им. А.А. Смородинцева

Автор, ответственный за переписку.
Email: kvsivak@gmail.com
ORCID iD: 0000-0003-4064-5033
SPIN-код: 7426-8322

д-р биол. наук

Россия, Санкт-Петербург

Кира Иосифовна Стосман

Научно-исследовательский институт гриппа им. А.А. Смородинцева

Email: labtox6@rambler.ru
ORCID iD: 0000-0001-7959-2376
SPIN-код: 8423-0170

канд. биол. наук

Россия, Санкт-Петербург

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