Email this article Dedicated to the memory of the staff of the Pavlov Biostation in Koltushi
- Authors: Zakharova E.T.1, Kuznetsova T.G.2
-
Affiliations:
- Institute of Experimental Medicine
- Pavlov Institute of Physiology of the Russian Academy of Sciences
- Issue: Vol 24, No 4 (2024)
- Pages: 124-138
- Section: History of medicine
- URL: https://journals.rcsi.science/MAJ/article/view/284846
- DOI: https://doi.org/10.17816/MAJ632014
- ID: 284846
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Abstract
The article presents the events associated with the opening of the Scientific and Experimental Biological Station in Koltushi. The events of one of Pavlov’s informal visits to the Biostation on September 26, 1929, to celebrate his 80th anniversary, are reconstructed from discovered archival photographs. The stories of Pavlov’s closest collaborators are told – a participant in the event described, physiologist Stanislav N. Vyrzhikovsky (1892–1937), the first head of the Pavlov Biostation and Pyotr M. Elagin (1879–1937), head of the dog kennel at the Biostation. After the murder of S.M. Kirov (December 1, 1934), the “Kirov Stream” descended on Leningrad in March 1935, sending out “superfluous people” called by the new government – church ministers, former tsarist officers, representatives of the nobility and merchant class. The former captain of the tsarist army, nobleman P.M. Elagin, was exiled from Leningrad with his family. Pavlov, who held Elagin in high esteem, achieved his return from exile. “As long as Pavlov is alive, they will not touch me,” the head of the Biological Station, former lieutenant of the tsarist army, nobleman S.N. Vyrzhikovsky, reassured his wife. On February 27, 1936, Ivan Petrovich died... In her memoirs, M.K. Petrova wrote, without naming names, about about two “suspicious employees” of the Biostation, expelled after Pavlov’s death. Today, few people know that these memoirs were about Elagin and Vyrzhikovsky, who died during the political repressions of 1937, whose names are good to remember in Pavlov’s anniversary year (1849–2024).
Keywords
Ivan P. Pavlov, physiological school of I.P. Pavlov, S.N. Vyrzhikovsky, P.M. Elagin, L.A. Orbeli, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Biostation in Koltushi, Pavlov Institute of Physiology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, photo archive of the Memorial Museum-Apartment of Acad. I.P. Pavlov, history of science
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##article.viewOnOriginalSite##About the authors
Elena T. Zakharova
Institute of Experimental Medicine
Author for correspondence.
Email: et_zakharova@mail.ru
ORCID iD: 0000-0003-4232-8824
SPIN-code: 4771-7898
Cand. Sci. (Biology), Senior Reseach Associate
Russian Federation, 12 Academician Pavlov St., Saint Petersburg, 197022Tamara G. Kuznetsova
Pavlov Institute of Physiology of the Russian Academy of Sciences
Email: tgk@primatology.ru
ORCID iD: 0000-0002-0196-0519
SPIN-code: 3786-7484
Dr. Sci. (Biology), Chief Research Associate
Russian Federation, Saint PetersburgReferences
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Fig. 1. Walking laboratory dogs of the Department of Physiology of Academician I.P. Pavlov on the territory of the Institute of Experimental Medicine. 1920s. Photo from the public domain
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Fig. 2. I.P. Pavlov and P.S. Kupalov ( V.V. Rickman — corrected by E.Z. ) on a walk in Koltushi. Photo from the book “Petersburg by Ivan Pavlov” [1]
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Fig. 3. I.P. Pavlov at the laying of the foundation stone for the building of the Laboratory of Experimental Genetics of Higher Nervous Activity. Koltushi. 1929. a , is a photo from the Archives of the Pavlov Institute of Physiology of the Russian Academy of Sciences; b , is a photo from the Аrchive of S.A. Chetvertakov, nephew of F.P. Mayorov. Standing next to I.P. Pavlov are: F.P. Mayorov, V.V. Savich, P.S. Kupalov and A.D. Speransky
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Fig. 4. Resolution No. 2256 of the Council of People’s Commissars of the USSR “On commemorating the 85th anniversary of the birth of Academician I.P. Pavlov”. September 26, 1934. V. Molotov. Page No. 57 from the photo album of E.G. Vatsuro (1949), published for the 100th anniversary of I.P. Pavlov. Archive of the Memorial Apartment Museum of Academician I.P. Pavlov Institute of Physiology RAS
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Fig. 5. Before the trip I.P. Pavlova at the Congress in Rome, 1932. Koltushi. Archives of the Pavlov Institute of Physiology of the Russian Academy of Sciences. Sitting (from left to right): N.K. Kleshcheva with her daughter, E. Strogaya, I.P. Pavlov with the Kleshchevykh daughter, Gedda O. Vyrzhikovskaya with her son Gert . Standing (from left to right): Lev O. Zewald (brother of G.O. Vyrzhikovskaya), Stanislav N. Vyrzhikovsky , Sergei V. Kleshchev
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Fig. 6. I.P. Pavlov is celebrating his 80th birthday with his colleagues in Koltushi. Before thе game of gorodki. From the gift album given to I.P. Pavlov by his colleagues on 27 September 1929 (No. 156-2M). Memorial Apartment Museum of Academician I.P. Pavlov Institute of Physiology RAS (MCP М-109/161). From left to right: A.L. Mertsen , А.N. Potеmkin, G.О. Vyrzhykovskaya , L.О. Zevald, S.N. Vyrzhykovsky , А.D. Speransky, I.S. Rozental, Vsevolod I. Pavlov, L.N. Fedorov, F.P. Mayorov, I.P. Pavlov, G.V. Skipin, М.К. Petrova
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Fig. 7. Celebrating the 80th anniversary of I.P. Pavlov after the game of gorodki. Koltushi. From the gift album given to I.P. Pavlov by his colleagues on 27 September 1929. Saint Petersburg. Memorial Apartment Museum of Academician I.P. Pavlov Institute of Physiology RAS (MCP M-109/159). From left to right sitting: М.К. Petrova, I.P. Pavlov, G.О. Vyrzhykovskaya . Standing: А.D. Speransky, L.О. Zevald, V.I. Pavlov, I.S. Rozental, А.N. Potemkin, A.L. Mertsen , S.N. Vyrzhykovsky , F.P. Mayorov, L.N. Fedorov
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Fig. 8. Scientific discussion. From the gift album given to I.P. Pavlov by his colleagues on 27 September 1929. Memorial Apartment Museum of Academician I.P. Pavlov Institute of Physiology RAS (MCP code M-109/162). Left to right: S.N. Vyrzhikovsky , I.P. Pavlov, F.P. Mayorov , L.N. Fedorov
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Fig. 9. Milk-drinking. Аfter the game of gorodki. Koltushi, From the gift album given to I.P. Pavlov by his colleagues on 27 September 1929. Memorial Apartment Museum of Academician I.P. Pavlov Institute of Physiology RAS (MCP M–109/163). From left to right sitting: L.N. Fedorov, I.S. Rosenthal, G.O. Vyrzhikovskaya , M.K. Petrova, I.P. Pavlov, F.P. Mayorov, L.O. Zevald. From left to right standing: S.N. Vyrzhikovsky , G.V. Skipin, A.D. Speransky, V.I. Pavlov, A.N. Potemkin
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Fig. 10. I.P. Pavlov and his colleagues before the game of gorodki. Koltushi, Saint Petersburg, 1920s. From left to right: S.N. Vyrzhikovsky, R.A. Mertsen ( A.L. Mertsen — corrected by E.Z. ), L.O. Zevald, Vsevolod I. Pavlov, A.D. Speransky, G.O. Vyrzhikovskaya, I.S. Rozental, I.P. Pavlov, M.A. Usievich (G.V. Skipin — corrected by E.Z. ), M.K. Petrova, F.P. Mayorov, L.N. Fedorov, A.N. Potemkin. From the book “I.P. Pavlov with family and friends” [4]
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Fig. 11. Characteristics of student S.N. Vyrzhikovsky by Professor G.V. Folbort, former Rector of the Stebutov Agricultural Institute. Petrograd. March 12, 1924. IEM Archiv
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Fig. 12. Temporary certificate of graduation by S.N. Vyrzhikovsky from the Leningrad Agricultural Institute, Faculty of Animal Science, section of the former Stebutov Institute. 1924. IEM Archiv
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Fig. 13. Biography of S.N. Vyrzhikovsky. IEM Archive
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Fig. 14. Petition from the director of the IEM to the mobilization headquarters at Regional Land Administration for exemption from mobilization of the Head of the Biological Station Stanislav N. Vyrzhikovsky. IEM Archive
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Fig. 15. Grave of the Zewald ’ s and Wyrzykowski ’ s. Shuvalovskoe cemetery. Saint Petersburg. Photo from the archive of T.G. Kuznetsova (2023)
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Fig. 16. Memorial cemetery in Levashovo (Leningrad Region, Gorskoye highway 143). Cenotaph to the employees of the Institute of Experimental Medicine who died during the Stalinist repressions, erected on 06/09/2018 with donations from the institute employees
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