Correction of acid base disorders in rats with acute ethylene glycol poisoning
- Authors: Sivak K.V.1, Lyubishin M.M.1, Kalinina E.Y.1,2
-
Affiliations:
- Smorodintsev Research Institute of Influenza
- Saint Petersburg State Pediatric Medical University
- Issue: Vol 19, No 4 (2019)
- Pages: 75-86
- Section: Original research
- URL: https://journals.rcsi.science/MAJ/article/view/17632
- DOI: https://doi.org/10.17816/MAJ17632
- ID: 17632
Cite item
Full Text
Abstract
The aim of the article. The aim of this study was to evaluation of the effectiveness of standard antidote therapy and dimephosphon administration in rats with acute ethylene glycol poisoning. The tasks of the study included modeling acute ethylene glycol poisoning in rats, conducting experimental therapy with ethanol antidote in combination with sodium bicarbonate and dimephosphon therapy, comparing the effectiveness of drugs in relation to indicators of acid-base state impairment and renal function.
Materials and methods. Ethylene glycol (EG) was administered per os to Wistar male rats (190–210 g b.w.) at a single dose of 6 mL/kg b.w. through an atraumatic gastric tube. The animals were divided into 4 groups of 6 individuals each: intact (negative control), EG poisoning (positive control), EG + standard antidote therapy, EG + dimephosphon therapy. Experimental therapy was carried out for first 24 hours using standard antidote therapy: ethanol (30% solution 2 mL/kg b.w. i.p. after 1, 4, 6, 12, 18 hours) and sodium bicarbonate (4 % solution 6 mL/kg b.w. i.p. 3 times on the first day), as well as administration of dimephosphon (150 mg/kg i.p. 3 times on the first day, 450 mg/kg b.w. per day). Daily urine on day 3 after poisoning was collected in metabolic cages. Creatinine concentration in urine and blood serum samples were measured, and creatinine clearance was calculated. After 24 hours of therapy, the pH, level of sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, chlorides, bicarbonates, lactate, D-3-hydroxybutyrate, albumin, urea and creatinine (measured parameters) were determined in venous blood samples. Anion gap, ∆рН, ∆AG, ∆HCO3, ∆AG/∆HCO3 and ∆Gap were calculated. The mechanism of death was determined for the dead animals. Data processing was performed using GraphPad Prism 6.0.
Results. Acute poisoning of rats with ethylene glycol leads to the development of toxic encephalopathy and nephropathy, acid-base abnormalities, high anion gap metabolic acidosis due to the presence of metabolites, as well as lactate-ketoacidosis due to depression of the central nervous system. 100% of the EG-treated (12 mL/kg b.w.) animals died within 3 days. Metabolic acidosis in combination with hypermagnesemia had provided a cardiodepressive effect, which with direct nephrotoxic and neurotoxic effects contributed to the development of a mixed variant of thanatogenesis and death. Death comes from toxic encephalopathy and nephropathy, high anion gap metabolic acidosis caused by direct nephrotoxic and neurotoxic effects of EG and its metabolites. The standard antidote therapy with ethanol in combination with sodium bicarbonate prevented a pH shift, lactic acidosis and ketoacidosis, an increase in urea, but did not affect the level of bicarbonate (p = 0,048), creatinine and its clearance (p = 0,037) and the anion gap (p = 0,033). The dimephosphon therapy prevented a decrease in creatinine clearance and blood bicarbonate level, limited the increase in lactate dehydrogenase activity, had a more pronounced effect on the AG and ∆AG (p = 0,042), but did not affect the hypocalcemia (p = 0,0076) and hypoalbuminemia (p = 0,021).
Conclusion. Acute ethylene glycol poisoning leads to the development of a mixed variant of thanatogenesis with damage to the central nervous and urinary systems, as well as the heart. Autopsy and histopathology confirmed the cause of animal death. In the model at a dose of 6 mL/kg of EG the dimephosphon therapy was more conducive to the correction of the main markers of high anion gap metabolic acidosis (HAGMA) than standard antidote therapy (both measured and calculated, p < 0,05). The dimephosphon therapy prevented a decrease in creatinine clearance. A comparative analysis of two methods for the correction of high anion gap metabolic acidosis in rats in acute poisoning with ethylene glycol showed that dimephosphon therapy vs. standard antidote therapy had a stronger effect on markers of metabolic acidosis and renal impairment.
Keywords
Full Text
##article.viewOnOriginalSite##About the authors
Konstantin V. Sivak
Smorodintsev Research Institute of Influenza
Author for correspondence.
Email: kvsivak@gmail.com
ORCID iD: 0000-0003-4064-5033
PhD in Biology, Head of the Department of Preclinical Trials
Russian Federation, Saint PetersburgMikhail M. Lyubishin
Smorodintsev Research Institute of Influenza
Email: lubishin_m@mail.ru
ORCID iD: 0000-0003-2447-5222
PhD in Biology, Researcher in laboratory of drug safety
Russian Federation, Saint PetersburgElena Yu. Kalinina
Smorodintsev Research Institute of Influenza; Saint Petersburg State Pediatric Medical University
Email: drkalinina@yandex.ru
ORCID iD: 0000-0001-7077-3584
MD, PhD in Medicine (pathologist), Leading Researcher in Laboratory of Drug Safety; Associate Professor, Department of Pathological Anatomy
Saint PetersburgReferences
- Острые отравления этанолом и его суррогатами / под ред. Ю.Ю. Бонитенко. – СПб.: ЭЛБИ-СПб, 2005. – 224 с. [Ostrye otravleniya etanolom i ego surrogatami / Ed. by Y.Y. Bonitenko. Saint Petersburg: ELBI-SPb; 2005. 224 p. (In Russ.)]
- Лужников Е.А., Гольдфарб Ю.С., Марупов А.М. Эндотоксикоз при острых экзогенных отравлениях. – М.: БИНОМ, 2008. – 200 с. [Luzhnikov EA, Gol’dfarb YS, Marupov AM. Endotoksikoz pri ostrykh ekzogennykh otravleniyakh. Moscow: BINOM; 2008. 200 p. (In Russ.)]
- Fowles J, Banton M, Klapacz J, Shen H. A toxicological review of the ethylene glycol series: Commonalities and differences in toxicity and modes of action. Toxicol Lett. 2017;278:66-83. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.toxlet.2017.06.009.
- DArcy MS. Cell death: a review of the major forms of apoptosis, necrosis and autophagy. Cell Biol Int. 2019;43(6):582-592. https://doi.org/10.1002/cbin.11137.
- Сивак К.В. Механизмы нефропатологии токсического генеза // Патогенез. – 2019. – Т. 17. – № 2. – С. 16–29. [Sivak KV. Mechanisms of toxic nephropathology. Patogenez. 2019;17(2):16-29. (In Russ.)]. https://doi.org/10.25557/2310-0435.2019.02.16-29.
- Tung RC, Thornton SL. Characteristics of laboratory confirmed ethylene glycol and methanol exposures reported to a regional poison control center. Kans J Med. 2018;11(3):67-69. 6122883.
- Lee SH, Park S, Lee JW, et al. The anion gap is a predictive clinical marker for death in patients with acute pesticide intoxication. J Korean Med Sci. 2016;31(7):1150-1159. https://doi.org/10.3346/jkms.2016.31.7.1150.
- McMartin K, Jacobsen D, Hovda KE. Antidotes for poisoning by alcohols that form toxic metabolites. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2016;81(3):505-515. https://doi.org/10.1111/bcp.12824.
- Любишин М.М., Сивак К.В., Саватеева-Любимова Т.Н. Сравнительное изучение влияния ингибитора алкогольдегидрогеназы — амида изовалериановой кислоты и стандартной антидотной терапии на формирование отставленных последствий острого отравления этиленгликолем // Medline.ru. Российский биомедицинский журнал. – 2012. – Т. 13. – № 2. – С. 257–265. [Lyubishin MM, Sivak KV, Savateeva-Lyubimova TN. A comparative study of the formation of acute ethylene glycol poisoning delayed disorders under the therapy with either alcohol dehydrogenase inhibitor — isovaleric acid amide or standard antidote therapy. Medline.ru. Rossiyskiy biomeditsinskiy zhurnal. 2012;13(2):257-265. (In Russ.)]
- Ostermann M, Straaten HM, Forni LG. Fluid overload and acute kidney injury: cause or consequence? Crit Care. 2015;19:443. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13054-015-1163-7.
- Klein SJ, Lehner GF, Forni LG, Joannidis M. Oliguria in critically ill patients: a narrative review. J Nephrol. 2018;31(6):855-862. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40620-018-0539-6.
- Сивак К.В., Саватеева-Любимова Т.Н., Петров А.Ю., Коваленко А.Л. Детоксикационные свойства ремаксола при полиорганной недостаточности на фоне тяжелого отравления этанолом // Экспериментальная и клиническая фармакология. – 2010. – Т. 73. – № 12. – С. 39–43. [Sivak KV, Savateeva-Lyubimova TN, Petrov AY, Kovalenko AL. Detoxicating properties of remaxol with respect to multiple organ failure during severe ethanol poisoning. Eksp Klin Farmakol. 2010;73(12):39-43. (In Russ.)]
- Саватеева-Любимова Т.Н., Лесиовская Е.Е., Сивак К.В., и др. Доклиническое изучение безопасности препаратов реамберин и ремаксол // Экспериментальная и клиническая фармакология. – 2010. – Т. 73. – № 11. – С. 41–43. [Savateeva-Lyubimova TN, Lesiovskaya EE, Sivak KV, et al. Preclinical study of Reamberin® and Remaxol® safety. Eksp Klin Farmakol. 2010;73(11):41-43. (In Russ.)]
- Саватеева-Любимова Т.Н., Лесиовская Е.Е., Сивак К.В. Гемато-, нефро-и гепатопротективные эффекты цитофлавина и настойки семян лимонника при интоксикации аминобензолом // Медицина экстремальных ситуаций. – 2008. – № 3. – С. 68–75. [Savateeva-Lyubimova TN, Lesiovskaya EE, Sivak KV. Gemato-, nefro-i gepatoprotektivnye effekty tsitoflavina i nastoyki semyan limonnika pri intoksikatsii aminobenzolom. Meditsina ekstremalnykh situatsiy. 2008;(3):68-75. (In Russ.)]
- Rus-LASA. Директива Европейского парламента и Совета Европейского союза 2010/63/EU от 22 сентября 2010 г. по охране животных, используемых в научных целях. – СПб., 2012. – 48 с. [Rus-LASA. Direktiva Evropeyskogo parlamenta i Soveta Evropeyskogo soyuza 2010/63/EU ot 22 sentyabrya 2010 g. po okhrane zhivotnykh, ispol’zuemykh v nauchnykh tselyakh. Saint Petersburg; 2012. 48 р. (In Russ.)]
- Rastegar A. Use of the DeltaAG/DeltaHCO3- ratio in the diagnosis of mixed acid-base disorders. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2007;18(9):2429-2431. https://doi.org/10.1681/ASN.2006121408.
- Chawla LS, Shih S, Davison D, et al. Anion gap, anion gap corrected for albumin, base deficit and unmeasured anions in critically ill patients: implications on the assessment of metabolic acidosis and the diagnosis of hyperlactatemia. BMC Emerg Med. 2008;8:18. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-227X-8-18.
- Mallat J. Assessment of metabolic acidosis and the use of albumin-corrected plasmatic anion gap in critically iii patients. J Anesth Crit Care Open Access. 2016;5(4). https://doi.org/10.15406/jaccoa.2016.05.00190.
- Barlak A, Akar H, Yenicerioglu Y, et al. Effect of sodium bicarbonate in an experimental model of radiocontrast nephropathy. Ren Fail. 2010;32(8):992-999. https://doi.org/ 10.3109/0886022X.2010.502282.
- Мальков П.Г., Франк Г.А., Пальцев М.А. Стандартные технологические процедуры при проведении патологоанатомических исследований: клинические рекомендации RPS1.1. 2016. – М.: Практическая медицина, 2017. – 135 с. [Mal’kov PG, Frank GA, Pal’tsev MA. Standartnye tekhnologicheskie protsedury pri provedenii patologoanatomicheskikh issledovaniy: klinicheskie rekomendatsii RPS1.1. 2016. Moscow: Prakticheskaya meditsina; 2017. 135 p. (In Russ.)]
- Mostert M, Bonavia A. Starvation ketoacidosis as a cause of unexplained metabolic acidosis in the perioperative period. Am J Case Rep. 2016;17:755-758. https://doi.org/10.12659/ajcr.900002.
- Бонитенко Е.Ю., Бабаханян Р.В., Есаян А.М. Влияние ингибиторов алкогольдегидрогеназы на биохимические и гистологические изменения при экспериментальных отравлениях этиленгликолем и его эфирами // Нефрология. – 2003. – Т. 7. – № 3. – С. 60–66. [Bonitenko EY, Babakhanyan RV, Esayan AM. Effects of alcohol dehydrogenase inhibitors on biochemical and histological changes in experimental poisonings with ethylene glycol and its ethers. Nephrology. 2003;7(3):60-66. (In Russ.)]
- Garg D, Lim T, Irani M. A rare case of fatal stroke after ethylene glycol toxicity. BMJ Case Rep. 2015;2015. https://doi.org/10.1136/bcr-2014-208855.
- Collins ND, LeRoy BE, Vap L. Artifactually increased serum bicarbonate values in two horses and a calf with severe rhabdomyolysis. Vet Clin Pathol. 1998;27(3):85-90. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1939-165x.1998.tb01025.x.
- Ипастова И.Д., Перфильева Н.П. Влияние димефосфона на макроморфологию головного мозга крысы // Вестник Ульяновской государственной сельскохозяйственной академии. – 2012. – № 3. – С. 77–81. [Ipastova ID, Perfil’eva NP. The influence of dimephosphone on macromorphology of rat brain. Vestnik Ulyanovskoy gosudarstvennoy selskokhozyaystvennoy akademii. 2012;(3):77-81. (In Russ.)]
- Ипастова И.Д., Перфильева Н.П. О влиянии димефосфона на морфологию мозжечка белой крысы // Вестник Брянского государственного университета. – 2014. – № 4. – С. 83–88. [Ipastova ID, Perfil’eva NP. Effect of the dimephosphone on the morphology of the cerebellum of the white rat. Vestnik Bryanskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. 2014;(4):83-88. (In Russ.)]
Supplementary files
