Two sources of mesoderm in brachiopods

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Abstract

In Bilateria, the formation of the coelomic mesoderm occurs in various ways and is of great significance for comparative embryology and phylogeny. Several early ontogenetic stages were studied in the brachiopod Coptothyris grayi by scanning electron microscopy and cytochemistry combined with confocal laser microscopy. Two sources of the mesoderm were observed to form simultaneously from the anterior and posterior walls of the archenteron at the gastrula stage. Both anterior and posterior rudiments form enterocoely as unpaired protrusions of the wall of the archenteron and are subsequently separated from it. The findings confirmed the previous data on enterocoely in brachiopods. Moreover, a dual origin of the coelomic mesoderm from an anterior and a posterior precursor was for the first time demonstrated for all brachiopods. Analysis of the literature showed that two sources of the coelomic mesoderm in ontogeny are characteristic of representatives of various groups of protostomes and deuterostomes. This fact may provide evidence for the earlier hypothesis of plesiomorphy of two sources of the mesoderm in Bilateria.

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About the authors

T. V. Kuzmina

Lomonosov Moscow State University

Email: temereva@mail.ru
Russian Federation, Moscow

E. N. Temereva

Lomonosov Moscow State University

Author for correspondence.
Email: temereva@mail.ru
Russian Federation, Moscow

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2. Fig. 1. Mesoderm formation in the larva of the brachiopod Coptothyris grayi: (a) – late bilaterally symmetrical gastrula (15 bpo), SEM, (b) – formation of the anterior mesoderm at the stage of late gastrula, partial Z-projection of the part after DAPI staining, CLSM, (c) – formation of the posterior mesoderm at the stage of late gastrula gastrules, partial Z-projection after DAPI staining, KLSM, (d) – early three–lobed larva (22 hpo), SAM, (e) - Z–projection of early three-lobed larva after DAPI staining, KLSM, (e) - Z-projection of early three-lobed larva after phalloidin staining, KLSM. (al) – head blade, (am) – anterior mesoderm, (ar) – archenteron, (bl) – blastopore, (pl) – foot blade, (pm) – posterior mesoderm, (rml) – rudiment of the mantle blade, arrows point to the anterior mesoderm, arrow tips point to the posterior mesoderm.

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