Biomarkers of Carotid Stenosis

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Abstract

Early recognition of rupture-prone atherosclerotic lesions in patients with high-graded carotid stenosis is an important clinical problem for preventing ischemic stroke. Various pathophysiological mechanisms are responsible for the progression and instability of plaques, such as changes in lipid composition, infiltration by immunoinflammatory cells and degradation of the extracellular matrix of the vascular wall by matrix metalloproteinases, enhanced inflammatory response and plaque neovascularization. These features are the main cause of plaque rupture and, as a consequence, neurologic symptoms. Therefore, matrix metalloproteinases and inflammatory factors can serve as possible markers for patients with severe unstable stenosis of carotid arteries. Due to the heterogeneity of atherosclerotic lesions, only one biomarker is not enough to reliably predict the development of a stroke. The use of a combination of biomarkers is better correlated with clinical data and, therefore, exceeds the analysis of individual factors. To increase the overall sensitivity and specificity and more reliable diagnosis of stroke in patients with symptomatic and asymptomatic carotid stenosis, the biomarker panel should include independent biomarkers. Further preclinical experiments and clinical trials are needed to assess the significance and precise definition of the threshold levels of such biomarkers before they can be used in clinical practice.

About the authors

Sergey G. Sсherbak

Saint Petersburg State University; Saint Petersburg City Hospital No 40

Author for correspondence.
Email: b40@zdrav.spb.ru
ORCID iD: 0000-0001-5047-2792
SPIN-code: 1537-9822

Dr. Sci. (Med.), Professor

Russian Federation, 7/9 Universitetskaya Embankment, 199034, Saint Petersburg; Saint Petersburg

Tatyana A. Kamilova

Saint Petersburg City Hospital No 40

Email: kamilovaspb@mail.ru
ORCID iD: 0000-0001-6360-132X
SPIN-code: 2922-4404

Cand. Sci. (Biol.)

Russian Federation, Saint Petersburg

Svetlana V. Lebedeva

Saint Petersburg City Hospital No 40

Email: dr.lebedeva@gmail.com

MD

Russian Federation, Saint Petersburg

Dmitry A. Vologzhanin

Saint Petersburg City Hospital No 40

Email: volog@bk.ru
ORCID iD: 0000-0002-1176-794X
SPIN-code: 7922-7302

Dr. Sci. (Med.)

Russian Federation, Saint Petersburg

Alexander S. Golota

Saint Petersburg City Hospital No 40

Email: golotaa@yahoo.com
ORCID iD: 0000-0002-5632-3963
SPIN-code: 7234-7870

Cand. Sci. (Med.), Associate Professor

Russian Federation, Saint Petersburg

Stanislav V. Makarenko

Saint Petersburg State University; Saint Petersburg City Hospital No 40

Email: st.makarenko@gmail.com
ORCID iD: 0000-0002-1595-6668
SPIN-code: 8114-3984

MD

Russian Federation, 7/9 Universitetskaya Embankment, 199034, Saint Petersburg; Saint Petersburg

Svetlana V. Apalko

Saint Petersburg City Hospital No 40

Email: svetlana.apalko@gmail.com
ORCID iD: 0000-0002-3853-4185
SPIN-code: 7053-2507

Cand. Sci. (Biol.)

Russian Federation, Saint Petersburg

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Copyright (c) 2021 Sсherbak S.G., Kamilova T.A., Lebedeva S.V., Vologzhanin D.A., Golota A.S., Makarenko S.V., Apalko S.V.

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