The phenomenon of fascism as a subject of study in contemporary foreign historiography and political science

this article is devoted to the analysis of the evolution of the study of the phenomenon of fascism in contemporary foreign historiography and political science. It is emphasized that research has moved away from the simplified models of the Cold War era, such as the Marxist interpretation and the theory of totalitarianism. Modern humanities seek an interdisciplinary and multifaceted understanding of the essence of fascism, its ideological roots, social base, and potential for revival in new forms, driven by current political challenges. As the methodological basis of the modern approach, the article examines comparative studies aimed at identifying the “generic fascism.” Key analytical tools reviewed include Roger Griffin’s concept of “palingenetic ultranationalism,” which defines fascism as a revolutionary ideology of national rebirth, and Stanley Payne’s typological approach. The latter allows for the flexible classification of movements based on their ideology, negations (antiliberalism, anti-communism), and stylistic features, distinguishing fascism from conservative dictatorships. The analysis presents the main results of recent research. It considers Robert Paxton’s functionalist approach, which studies fascism as a dynamic process of five stages, and Emilio Gentile’s concept of “political religion,” which emphasizes rituals and myths. It is shown that the social base of fascism was heterogeneous and cross-class, not limited to the petty bourgeoisie. Gender studies are also highlighted, demonstrating contradictory policies toward women, as well as analyses of the economy, which was subordinated to the political goals of the state rather than adhering to a strict doctrine. The geographical boundaries of the term’s application are discussed, along with the introduction of the concepts of “parafascism” and “clerical fascism”.

fascism, historiography, palingenetic ultranationalism, political religion, far-right populism