Engineering technologies and systems

Introduction. Modern electric vehicle industry is actively developing in many areas. Developing design and implementing a design decision for an electric vehicle are urgent tasks, including many specific interconnected research, design and technological problems. This article discusses a prototype electric vehicle, in which there is implemented a design decision based on combined control, which includes manual, remote and program control.
Aim of the Study. The study is aimed at developing and implementing a design decision for an electric vehicle prototype with a combined control system in manual, remote (by radio) and unmanned mode that allows the pilot to easily and safely change the control mode.
Materials and Methods. To solve the problem, there were used modern modeling and design methods based on an integrated approach involving the development of virtual (CAx)and full-scale models based on the Bigo.Land constructor and ArduPilot.
Results. The result of the study is an integrated model of an electric vehicle prototype in general and, in particular, a full-scale model, CAx models, a control system providing combined remote, software and manual control. The components (full-scale and virtual) of the integrated object are connected by the same control system.
Discussion and Conclusion. The developed integrated software and hardware model of an electric vehicle prototype, trajectory control system and the results of this model analysis provide the functional of a combined electric vehicle control system and can be used by designers and manufacturers of this type of machinery.

Introduction. Increase in the performance of modern agricultural machines is not possible without the use of more powerful conveying working tools. In this regard, one of the topical problems of mechanical engineering is the development of conveying working tools not only with high performance, but also with optimal geometric parameters affecting the conveying process. However, there is no validated methodology for simulation and evaluation of the efficiency of bulk material movement by screws conveyors, which would allow determining the most optimal design variant at the design stage.
Aim of the Study. The study is aimed at justifying the methods for simulating and studying the process of conveying bulk materials by screw conveyors
Materials and Methods. The object of the study was an unloading system of a combine harvester. There is presented the methodology of developing a digital model for the conveying system with the possibility of simulating the bulk material movement process through using discrete-element simulation.
Results. There have been proposed and justified the methodology for comparative estimation of the efficiency of conveying bulk material by screw conveyors. There were taken into account the possibility of wide variation of technological properties of bulk materials coming for conveying and of operation kinematic modes allowing the comparison of different variants and selection of the most effective variant by the criterion of minimization of the aggregate path for movement of separate particles and minimum specific power consumption for movement.
Discussion and Conclusions. The obtained methodology can be used to develop new and evaluate the efficiency of existing conveying working tools of screw-type. This methodology allows making a wider analysis of the technological process of conveying bulk materials, including the unloading of grain mass from the combine harvester.

Introduction. In modern sowing complexes, the process of transporting and distributing seeds and fertilizers is carried out using an air stream. When simulating the technological processes of these pneumatic systems using computational fluid dynamics and discrete elements, an important step is determining the parameters of the interphase interaction of two-phase air – seed and air – fertilizer flows. Both the possibility of implementing models with computational methods and the complexity of the models used depend on the intensity of interphase interaction.
Aim of the Study. The aim is to estimate experimentally the parameters of two-phase flows in the pneumatic system of a sowing complex, where an air stream is used as the carrier phase and a mixture of solid particles of fertilizer granules is used as the dispersed phase.
Materials and Methods. The study was conducted using experimental methods. There were used high-speed video shooting, a sail classifier and digital anemometers to analyze air flow and particle motion parameters. The study methodology included the determination of the moisture content of materials, the particle soaring velocity, the volume concentration of phases, and the calculation of hydrodynamic characteristics in various parts of the pneumatic system. Modern approaches to the analysis of two-phase flows were applied taking into account the interaction between the particles and walls of transport channels.
Results. The experiments have detected significant differences in flow parameters between horizontal and vertical sections of the pneumatic system. There have been identified the dependence of the aerodynamic characteristics of the particles on their physicalmechanical properties. There was a significant change in the volume concentration of the dispersed phase along the length of the transport pneumatic pipeline of the sowing complex that indicates a transition between different flow modes. The particle drag coefficients showed a clear correlation with the similarity criteria characteristic of the interregion of the Rayleigh curve.
Discussion and Conclusion. The conducted studies allowed us to develop a methodology for estimating the parameters of two-phase flows in pneumatic systems and identify key factors affecting the efficiency of transporting and distributing seeds and fertilizers. The results of the study are of practical importance for improving the designs of sowing equipment and developing digital twins of technological processes. Based on the conducted analysis, there have been proposed the topics for further studies including the development of complex CFD-DEM models, which take into account the real operating conditions of pneumatic systems. The work contributes to solving the urgent problem of increasing the seed distribution uniformity in modern tillage complexes.

Introduction. The effectiveness of flax cultivation largely depends on the degree of mechanization of harvesting processes. At the same time, a high productivity of flax stem pick-ups with minimal product losses can be ensured only when working on straight flax stem strips.
Aim of the Study. The study is aimed at improving the quality of spreading flax stem strips when performing machine harvesting.
Materials and Methods. To achieve this goal, a new device has been developed for controlled spreading of flax stem strips. The working space of the device is formed by the active side edge of a flat belt with protrusions and a clamping mechanism consisting of rods pivotally fixed to each other with the possibility of lifting their clamping surfaces under the influence of a moving layer of flax stems. To evaluate the effectiveness of an innovative technical solution, the proposed device is mounted on an OKP-1.5K turner and tested under production conditions.
Results. It has been found that the absence of controlled tracking of the mass of flax stems during spreading generates irregular curvature of the flax stem strip in the frequency range from ɷср = 0,512 to ɷср = 0,712 m–1. The expansion of the frequency spectrum occurred as a result of the effects of wind and machine vibrations on the dried mass of flax stems, with retaining a slight straightness of the flax stem strip at a level of only 45%. At the same time, the use of a new spreading device completely protects the spreading process from these influences and retains the straightness of the treated flax stem strips more effectively (at the level of 73%). In this case, the appearance of new low-frequency oscillations is caused only by the trajectory of the pick-up turner.
Discussion Conclusions. The impact of the new spreading device on retaining the straightness of flax stem strips is positive that will ensure an increase in the productivity of flax pick-ups, a proportional reduction in operating costs per unit of operation and reduce the production costs.

Introduction. The urgency of the study is related to the problem of reducing emissions of climate-impacting substances used on agricultural areas. According to current estimates of scientists, 25–40% of climate-impacting gases (especially nitrous oxide and carbon dioxide ) are of soil origin. The methods of soil cultivation together with temperature and humidity significantly affected the emissions of climate-impacting gases from plowed lands. In this regard, mathematical simulation of carbon dioxide emissions when using different methods of soil cultivation is a topical task.
Aim of the Study. The study is aimed at developing a mathematical model for determining and forecasting carbon dioxide emissions from soil cultivated with different methods.
Materials and Methods. In the study, there were used the methods of mathematical simulation of the carbon dioxide emission process taking into account the data on gas emission assessing through using the chamber and the sensor CDD 24 HTL.
Results. A mathematical model has been developed for assessing and forecasting carbon dioxide emission from soil cultivated with different methods. Based on the experimental data, there have been obtained the constant values and angular coefficients characterizing the intensity of carbon dioxide emission in specific conditions of basic moldboard soil cultivation. For the technological process of basic moldboard soil cultivation, the carbon dioxide emission was in the range from 11.3 to 92.4 kg from 1 ha of area (or from 1.13 to 9.23 g per 1 m2 ).
Discussion and Сonclusion. The carbon dioxide emission into the atmosphere caused by human activities and by using different methods of soil cultivation in producing crop products has a negative impact on the environment. The soil and climatic features of the region influence the emission values, so these values can vary significantly. This fact requires the study of the emission value for the conditions of a particular region. The study is aimed at improving the methods for assesing and forecasting gas emissions and can be used in crop production.

Introduction. The Grid Connected Photovoltaic System comprises two fundamental control loops: an external loop responsible for overseeing the DC link voltage, and an internal control loop that regulates the inverter current. The primary element of any control loop is the proportional-integral controller and determining the appropriate gains for this controller is a difficult issue.
Aim of the Study. The study aimed to adjust the gains of the PI controllers in both static and dynamic irradiance scenarios for improving DC-link voltage by novel hybrid optimization method named Genetic Algorithm- Simulated Annealing and Genetic Algorithm- Pattern search.
Material and Methods. In this paper we use two hybrid optimizations techniques called Genetic Algorithm- simulated Annealing and Genetic Algorithm- Pattern Search to adjust the gains of the PI controllers in both static and dynamic irradiance scenarios for improving DC-link voltage.
Results. Finally, this study presents comparison of DC-link voltage with six cases with manual tuning of PI controller, as well as PI controller by Genetic Algorithm- simulated Annealing, Genetic Algorithm- Pattern Search, Genetic Algorithm, Simulated Annealing and Pattern Search. The comparison showed by using Genetic Algorithm-Simulated Annealing, peak overshoot in DC-link voltage is 829.3 V while peak overshoot in DC-link voltage is 1 052 V when DC-link voltage is controlled by manual tuning of PI as well as significant reduction in peak time and settling time in DC-link voltage.
Discussion and Conclusion. The results achieved to strengthen the DC-link voltage under both static and dynamic irradiance conditions enable the sustaining of a constant DC-link voltage, which is essential for grid-connected photovoltaic systems. The comparison showed by using Genetic Algorithm- Simulated Annealing, peak overshoot in DC-link voltage is 829.3 V while peak overshoot in DC-link voltage is 1 052 V when DC-link voltage is controlled by manual tuning of PI as well as significant reduction in peak time and settling time in DC-link voltage.