Between two powers: Vietnam and the strategic balancing of Russia and China in the 21st century

In the context of intensifying competition for influence among major powers, especially between Russia and China, Vietnam has emerged as a key geopolitical actor in the Asia Pacific region in the early 21st century, gaining strategic importance in both countries’ policies. This study explores whether Vietnam, building on its Cold War experience, can continue to effectively balance relations with Russia and China. Employing a historical–political approach combined with international relations analysis grounded in realism and the balance of power theory, the paper examines Vietnam’s foreign policy adjustments in response to both cooperative and competitive dynamics in Russia – China relations.