The concepts, typical practices and influences of public art in Europe in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.

The topic of this study is public art in Europe at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries. The author thoroughly examines the formation of theoretical concepts of European public art and their practical application in public spaces. The research shows that the period from the end of the 19th century to the beginning of World War I was key for the practice of public art, its organizational development, and international relations, which contributed to the global recognition of public art. The concept of public art emerged during this period with the aim of defining, protecting, and disseminating "public interests in art," with typical practices tending to emphasize social aesthetic responsibility and local features. Subsequently, various interpretations of "public interest" by elites, policymakers, various actors, and the public led to a diversification of public art practices and public understanding. Special attention is given to the formation, development, and impact of European public art, as well as Europe's contribution to public art research. The research methodology includes an analysis of historical sources, a critical review of literature, and case studies on selected examples of public art in various European countries. The results of the study show: an analysis of historical documents related to the inception of the term "public art" revealed that public art in Europe at the turn of the 19th to 20th centuries had a guiding influence on public art practice worldwide and on international relations, and there is even reason to believe that the concept of "public art" as a widely accepted idea originated at that time. The novelty of the research lies in the fact that previously, scholars studying the theme of "public art" often relied on American theories or the concepts of public art from the time of Roosevelt's New Deal, overlooking the influence of Europe on the development of "public art." The author proposes and emphasizes the importance of Europe's contribution to the development, practice, and influence of the concept of "public art."

European Public Art, Concept of public art, Public interest in art, Publicness, Locality, The Regenerative Art, Broerman Evgeny, Popular Art, Public Policy, Impact of Public Art