Categories of number and gender and their textual functions in Persian and Russian

This article examines the features of grammatical gender and number in Persian and Russian, with an emphasis on their semantic and syntactic characteristics. Special attention is paid to the state of gender research in the Persian language, which is still poorly understood, especially given the presence of many dialects with their unique characteristics. The author analyzes the differences in the manifestation of grammatical gender and number in various variants of the Persian dialect, which allowed to identify the reasons for the disappearance of these categories in some of them. The study also aims to identify geographical areas where grammatical gender is preserved or lost, which highlights the need for comparative analysis between languages. Thus, the work provides a broad view of the interaction of lexical categories and their influence on each other, creating the basis for further study of the features of generic and numerical features. This article is based on a comparative analysis, when the assessment of Persian units is implemented in comparison with Russian categorical indicators both in the field of functions and in the field of unit typology. The study of the category of gender and number in Russian and Persian is manifested in a comparative aspect, which allowed to identify both similarities and fundamental differences. In particular, in Russian the gender category has a clear lexico-grammatical and semantic component, whereas in Persian the grammatical gender is ignored, and the categories are expressed mainly semantically. The analysis showed that, despite significant differences in the syntactic functionality of both languages, the main functions of the gender and number categories clarify and expand the meaning of linguistic units. The scientific novelty of the research lies in the comprehensive analysis of language systems, taking into account their typological features and geographical areas of use. For the first time, dialectal differences in the manifestation of grammatical gender in the Persian language and the influence of geographical factors on its presence or absence are investigated. In addition, the work allowed to draw lexico-semantic parallels between languages and to better understand the differences in their structure. The obtained conclusions contribute to the further study of the evolution of grammatical categories in languages of different typological affiliation.

gender category, number category, comparison, categories, Russian, The Persian language, numbers, Farsi, gender, language